a)A=1+2+22+...+2100
=>2A=2+22+23+...2101
=>2A-A=(2+22+23+...+2101)-(1+2+22+...+2100)
=>A=2101-1
b)B=3+32+33+...+3100
=>3B=32+33+...+3101
=>3B-B=(32+33+...+3101)-(3+32+...3100)
=>2B-B=3101-3
=>B=(3101-3):2
c)C=1+2+4+8+16+...+8192
=>C=1+2+22+23+...213
=>2C=2+22+23+...+214
=>2C-C=(2+22+...+214)-(2+22+...+213)
=>C=214-2
d)D=4+42+43+...+4n
=>4D=42+43+...+4n+1
=>4D-D=(42+43+...+4n+1)-(4+42+...+4n)
=>3D=4n+1-4
=>D=(4n+1-4):3