* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.
In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.
In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
Which of the following statements about primary cooperation is supported by information in the passage?
A. It is an ideal that can never be achieved
B. It was confined to prehistoric times
C. It is usually the first stage of cooperation achieved by a group of individuals attempting to cooperate
D. It is most commonly seen among people who have not yet developed reading and writing skills
ĐÁP ÁN D
Thông tin: While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies,...
Dịch nghĩa: Trong khi sự hợp tác cơ bản là chủ yếu đặc trưng cho xã hội trước khi văn học ra đời,...
Như vậy có thể suy ra rằng hợp tác cơ bản diễn ra khi con người chưa có văn học, hay chính là chưa biết đọc biết viết.
Phương án D. It is most commonly seen among people who have not yet developed reading and writing skills = Nó thường được nhìn thấy trong số những người chưa phát triển kĩ năng đọc và viết; là phương án chính xác nhất.
A. It is an ideal that can never be achieved = Đó là một lí tưởng mà không bao giờ có thể đạt được.
Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.
B. It was confined to prehistoric times = Nó được giới hạn trong thời tiền sử. Thông tin trong bài chỉ nói là thời kì trước khi có văn học, nghĩa là có thể bao gồm nhiều thời kì khác nhau chứ không nhất thiết chỉ có thời tiền sử.
C. It is usually the first stage of cooperation achieved by a group of individuals attempting to cooperate = Nó thường là giai đoạn đầu tiên của sự hợp tác đạt được bởi một nhóm các cá nhân cố gắng hợp tác.
Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.