Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.
The need for a surgical operation, especially an emergency operation, almost always comes as a severe shock to the patient and his family. Despite modern advances, most people still have an irrational fear of hospitals and anaesthetics. Patients do riot often believe they really need surgery- cutting into a part of the body as opposed to treatment with drugs.
In the early year of the 20th century, there was little specialization in surgery. A good surgeon was capable of performing almost every operation that had been advised up to that time. Today the situation is different. Operations are now being carried out that were not even dreamed of fifty years ago. The heart can be safely opened and its valves repaired. Cloyed blood vessels can be clean out, and broken ones mended and replaced. A lung, the whole stomach, or even part of the brain can be removed and still permit the patient to live a comfortable and satisfactory life. However, not every surgeon wants to, or is qualified to carry out every type of modern operation.
The scope of surgery has increase remarkable in the past decades. Its safety has increased, too. Deaths from most operations are about 20% of what they were in 1910 and surgery has been extended in many directions, for example, to certain types of birth defects in new born babies, and at the other end of the scale, to life-saving operation for the octogenarian .The hospital stay after surgery has been shortened to as little as a week for most major operations. Most patients are out of bed on the day after an operation and may be back at work in two or three weeks.
One of the most revolutionary areas of modern surgery is that of organ transplants. Until a few decades ago, no person, except an identical twins, was able to accept into his body the tissues of another person without reacting against them and eventually killing them. Recently, however, it has been discovered that with the use of X-rays and special drugs, it is possible to graft tissues from one person to another which will survive for periods of a year or more. Kidneys have been successfully transplanted between non-identical twins. Heart and lung transplants have also been reasonably successful.
“Spare parts” surgery, the simple routine replacement of all worn-out organs by new ones, is still a dream of the future but surgery is ready for such miracles. In the meantime, you can be happy if the doctors say to you: “Yes, l think it is possible to operate on you for this condition”.
The main difficulty with organ transplants is______.
A. it is difficult to find organs of the same size
B. only identical twins can give permission for their organs to be exchanged
C. the body's tendency to reject alien tissues
D. the patient is not allowed to use drugs after them
Đáp án C
Khó khăn chính của cấy ghép nội tạng là______.
A. khó tìm được nội tạng có cùng kích cỡ
B. chỉ những cặp sinh đôi giống hệt nhau mới được cho phép trao đổi nội tạng.
C. cơ thể có xu hướng đào thải các mô lạ.
D. bệnh nhân không được cho phép sử dụng thuốc sau đó.
Dẫn chứng ở câu thứ 2- đoạn 4: “Until a few decades ago, no person, except an identical twins, was able to accept into his body the tissues of another person without reacting against them and eventually killing them” – (Cho tới một vài thập kỉ trước, không một ai, ngoại trừ các cặp song sinh có khả năng chấp nhận vào cơ thể các mô của nhau mà không gây phản ứng ngược và cuối cùng là giết chết chúng) => Khó khăn ở đây chính là khi đưa vào cơ thể các mô của người lạ, chúng có thể gây phản ứng ngược và giết chết người bệnh.