Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 28 to 34.
Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events, anticipate future ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within a group. These scientists, however, are cautious about the extent to which animals can be credited with conscious processing.
Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered. One example of such unexplained behavior: Honeybees communicate the sources of nectar to one another by doing a dance in a figure-eight pattern. The orientation of the dance conveys the position of the food relative to the sun’s position in the sky, and the speed of the dance tells how far the food source is from the hive. Most researchers assume that the ability to perform and encode the dance is innate and shows no special intelligence. But in one study, when experimenters kept changing the site of the food source, each time moving the food 25 percent farther from the previous site, foraging honeybees began to anticipate where the food source would appear next. When the researchers arrived at the new location, they would find the bees circling the spot, waiting for their food. No one has yet explained how bees, whose brains weigh four ten-thousandths of an ounce, could have inferred the location of the new site.
Other behaviors that may indicate some cognition include tool use. Many animals, like the otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools. One researcher has found that mother chimpanzees occasionally show their young how to use tools to open hard nuts. In one study, chimpanzees compared two pairs of food wells containing chocolate chips. Allowed to choose which pair they wanted, the chimpanzees almost always chose the one with the higher total, showing some sort of summing ability. Other chimpanzees have learned to use numerals to label quantities of items and do simple sums.
What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The role of instinct in animal behavior
B. Observations that suggest consciousness in animal behavior
C. The use of food in studies of animal behavior
D. Differences between the behavior of animals in their natural environments and in laboratory experiments.
Chọn đáp án B
Đoạn văn chủ yếu thảo luận về điều gì?
A. Vai trò của bản năng trong hành vi động vật
B. Những quan sát cho thấy ý thức trong hành vi động vật
C. Việc sử dụng thức ăn trong các nghiên cứu về hành vi động vật
D. Những sự khác nhau giữa hành vi của động vật trong môi trưởng tự nhiên và trong phòng thí nghiệm.
Dẫn chứng: - Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events ... These scientists, however, are cautious about the extent to which animals can be credited with conscious processing. (Một số nhà nghiên cứu hành vi của động vật tranh luận rằng một số động vật có thể nhớ các sự việc trong quá khứ... Tuy nhiên, các nhà khoa này thận trọng về mức độ mà động vật có thể được cho là xử lý có ý thức)
- Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered. (Các giải thích về hành vi động vật bỏ qua bất cứ loại ý thức nào và gán cho các hành động hoàn toàn do bản năng để lại nhiều câu hỏi chưa được trả lởi)
- Other behaviors that may indicate some cognition include tool use (Các hành vi khác có thể chỉ ra một số nhận thức bao gồm việc sử dụng công cụ)