\(a.x^4+2x^3+x^2=x^2\left(x^2+2x+1\right)=x^2\left(x+1\right)^2\)
\(b.5x^2-10xy+5y^2-20z^2=5\left(x^2-2xy+y^2-4z^2\right)=5\left[\left(x-y\right)^2-4z^2\right]=5\left(x-y+2z\right)\left(x-y-2z\right)\)
\(c.5x^2+5xy-x-y=5x\left(x+y\right)-\left(x+y\right)=\left(5x-1\right)\left(x+y\right)\)
\(d.x^2+4x+3=x^2+x+3x+3=x\left(x+1\right)+3\left(x+1\right)=\left(x+3\right)\left(x+1\right)\)