`x^2-16+y^2+2xy=(x^2+2xy+y^2)-16=(x+y)^2-4^2=(x+y-4)(x+y+4)`
`x^2-4x-y^2+4=(x^2-4x+4)-y^2=(x-2)^2-y^2=(x-2-y)(x-2+y)`
`x^2+4x-y^2+4=(x^2+4x+4)-y^2=(x+2)^2-y^2=(x+2-y)(x+2+y)`
`x^2-y^2+2y-1=x^2-(y^2-2y+1)=x^2-(y-1)^2=(x-y+1)(x+y-1)`
`a, x^2 - 16 + y^2 + 2xy`
`= x^2 + 2xy + y^2 - 16`
`= (x+y)^2 - 16`
`= (x+y+4)(x+y-4)`
`b, x^2 - 4x - y^2 + 4`
`= x^2 - 4x + 4 - y^2`
`= (x-2)^2 - y^2`
`= (x-2+y)(x-2-y)`
`c, x^2 - y^2 + 2y - 1`
`= x^2 - (y^2 - 2y + 1)`
`= x^2 - (y-1)^2`
`= (x-y+1)(x+y-1)`