\(x^8+3x^4+4\)
\(=\left(x^8-x^6+2x^4\right)+\left(x^6-x^4+2x^2\right)+\left(2x^4-2x^2+4\right)\)
\(=x^4\left(x^4-x^2+2\right)+x^2\left(x^4-x^2+2\right)+2\left(x^4-x^2+2\right)\)
\(=\left(x^4+x^2+2\right)\left(x^4-x^2+2\right)\)
\(4x^4+4x^3+5x^2+2x+1\)
\(=\left(4x^4+2x^3+2x^2\right)+\left(2x^3+x^2+x\right)+\left(2x^2+x+1\right)\)
\(=2x^2\left(2x^2+x+1\right)+x\left(2x^2+x+1\right)+\left(2x^2+x+1\right)\)
\(=\left(2x^2+x+1\right)^2\)