a) (a + b + c)2
= [(a + b) + c]2
= (a + b)2 + 2(a + b)c + c2
= a2 + 2ab + b2 + 2ac + 2bc + c2
= a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
b) (a + b – c)2
= [(a + b) – c]2
= (a + b)2 – 2(a + b)c + c2
= a2 + 2ab + b2 – 2ac – 2bc + c2
= a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab – 2bc – 2ac
c) (a – b – c)2
= [(a – b) – c]2
= (a – b)2 – 2(a – b)c + c2
= a2 – 2ab + b2 – 2ac + 2bc + c2
= a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab + 2bc – 2ac.