a, =x4-x + 2019x2+2019x+2019
=x(x3-1)+2019(x2+x+1)
=x(x-1)(x2+x+1)+2019(x2+x+1)
=(x2-x+2019)(x2+x+1)
b, =(x-y+y-z)[(x-y)2-(x-y)(y-z)+(y-z)2 ] + (z-x)3
=(x-z)(x2-2xy+y2-xy+xz+y2-yz+y2-2yz+z2) - (x-z)3
=(x-z)(x2-2xy+y2-xy+xz+y2-yz+y2-2yz+z2-x2+2xz-z2)
=(x-z)(-3xy+3y2+3xz-3yz)
=3(x-z)(-xy+y2+xz-yz)
=3(x-z)[(-xy+xz)+(y2-yz)]
=3(x-z)[-x(y-z)+y(y-z)]
=3(y-x)(x-z)(y-z)