a) \(x^3-\frac{1}{4}x=x\left(x^2-\frac{1}{4}\right)=x\left(x-\frac{1}{2}\right)\left(x+\frac{1}{2}\right)\)
b) \(\left(2x-1\right)^2-\left(x+3\right)^2=\left(2x-1-x-3\right)\left(2x-1+x+3\right)=\left(x-4\right)\left(3x+2\right)\)
c) \(x^2-y^2-2y-1=x^2-\left(y^2+2y+1\right)=x^2-\left(y+1\right)^2=\left(x-y-1\right)\left(x+y+1\right)\)
d) \(x^2\left(x-3\right)+12-4x=x^2\left(x-3\right)-4\left(x-3\right)=\left(x-3\right)\left(x^2-2^2\right)=\left(x-3\right)\left(x-2\right)\left(x+2\right)\)
Phép tính b):
Đặt 2x - 1 = a ; x + 3 = b. Từ đầu bài suy ra:
\(\left(2x-1\right)^2-\left(x+3\right)^2\Rightarrow a^2-b^2\)
\(\Rightarrow a^2-b^2-\left(ab-ab\right)\Rightarrow\left(a^2-ab\right)-\left(b^2-ab\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow a\left(a-b\right)-b\left(b-a\right)\Rightarrow a\left(a-b\right)+b\left(a-b\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a+b\right)\left(a-b\right)\)
Thế lại vào ta có:
\(\orbr{\begin{cases}a+b=\left(2x-1\right)+\left(x+3\right)=\left(2x+x\right)-\left(1-3\right)=3x+2\\a-b=\left(2x-1\right)-\left(x-3\right)=\left(2x-x\right)-\left(1-3\right)=x+2\end{cases}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a+b\right)\left(a-b\right)=\left(3x+2\right)\left(x+2\right)\)