a) xy(x + y) + yz(y + z) + xz(z + x) + 3xyz
= xy(X + y + z) + yz(x + y + z) + xz(X + y + z)
= (x + y +z)(xy + yz+ xz)
b) xy(x + y) - yz(y + z) - xz(z - x)
= x2y + xy2 - y2z - yz2 - xz2 + x2z
= x2(y + z) - yz(y + z) + x(y2 - z2)
= x2(y + z) - yz(y + z) + x(y + z)(y - z)
= (y + z)(x2 - yz + xy - xz)
= (y + z)[x(x + y) - z(x + y)]
= (y + z)(x + y)(x - z)
c) x(y2 - z2) + y(z2 - x2) + z(x2 - y2)
= x(y - z)(y + z) + yz2 - yx2 + x2z - y2z
= x(y - z)(y + z) - yz(y - z) - x2(y - z)
= (y - z)((xy + xz - yz - x2)
= (y - z)[x(y - x) - z(y - x)]
= (y - z)(x - z)(y -x)