P(x) = 7x + 3x - 1 \(⋮9\)
Với x = 3k + 1 (k \(\inℕ^∗\))
= 73k + 1 + 33k + 1 - 1
= 343k.3 + 27k.3 - 1
= (343k.3 - 3) + 27k.3 + 2
= 3(343k - 1) + 27k.3 + 2
= 3(343 - 1)(343k - 1 + 343k - 2 + ... + 343 + 1) + 27k.3 + 2
= 3.342(343k - 1 + 343k - 2 + ... + 343 + 1) + 27k.3 + 2
=> P(x) : 9 dư 2
Với x = 3k + 2
P(x) = 73k + 2 + 33k + 2 - 1
= 343k.49 + 27k.9 - 1
= (343k.49 - 49) + 27k.9 + 48
= 49(343k - 1) + 27k.9 + 48
= 49(343 - 1)(343k - 1 + 343k - 2 + ... + 343 + 1) + 27k.9 + 45 + 3
=> P(x) : 9 dư 3
Với x = 3k
Khi đó P(x) = 73k + 33k - 1
= (343k - 1) + 27k
= (343 - 1)(343k - 1 + 343k - 2 + ... + 343 + 1) + 27k
= 342(343k - 1 + 343k - 2 + ... + 343 + 1) + 27k \(⋮9\)
Vậy P(x) \(⋮\Leftrightarrow x⋮3\)