a.
( x-y).(x+y) = ( x-y).x + ( x-y).y = x^2 - x.y + x.y - y^2 = x^2 -y^2
b.
( x+y)^2=( x+y)( x+y) = ( x+y).x + ( x+y).y = x^2 + x.y + x.y +y^2 = x^2 +2.xy + y^2
c.
( x-y)^2=( x-y).( x-y)= ( x-y).x- ( x-y).y= x^2 - xy - xy + y^2 = x^2 - 2xy +y^2
d/
( x+y).( x^2-xy+y^2) = x^3 + x^2.y -x^2.y - y^2.x +x.y^2 + y^ 3= x^3 + y^3