a) x2 - 2x - 3 = x2 - 3x + x - 3 = x(x - 3) + (x - 3) = (x + 1)(x - 3)
b) 2x2 + 5x - 3 = 2x2 + 6x - x - 3 = 2x(x + 3) - (x + 3) = (2x - 1)(x + 3)
c) x2 - 4x - 5 = x2 - 5x + x - 5 = x(x - 5) + (x - 5) = (x + 1)(x - 5)
d) x2 + x - 12 =x2 + 4x - 3x - 12 = x(x + 4) - 3(x + 4) = (x - 3)(x + 4)