1 + 2xy - x2 - y2
= 1 - ( x2 - 2xy + y2 )
= 12 - ( x - y )2
= [ 1 - ( x - y ) ][ 1 + ( x - y ) ]
= ( y - x + 1 )( x - y + 1 )
a2 + b2 - c2 - d2 - 2ab + 2cd
= ( a2 - 2ab + b2 ) - ( c2 - 2cd + d2 )
= ( a - b )2 - ( c - d )2
= [ ( a - b ) - ( c - d ) ][ ( a - b ) + ( c - d ) ]
= ( a - b - c + d )( a - b + c - d )
a3b3 - 1
= ( ab )3 - 13
= ( ab - 1 )[ ( ab )2 + ab.1 + 12 ]
= ( ab - 1 )( a2b2 + ab + 1 )
x2( y - z ) + y2( z - x ) + z2( x - y )
= z2( x - y ) + x2y - x2z + y2z + y2x
= z2( x - y ) + ( x2y - y2x ) - ( x2z - y2z )
= z2( x - y ) + xy( x - y ) - z( x2 - y2 )
= z2( x - y ) + xy( x - y ) - z( x + y )( x - y )
= ( x - y )[ z2 + xy - z( x + y ) ]
= ( x - y )( z2 + xy - zx - zy )
= ( x - y )[ ( z2 - zx ) - ( zy - xy ) ]
= ( x - y )[ z( z - x ) - y( z - x ) ]
= ( x - y )( z - x )( z - y )
