1.
$27x^2-1=(\sqrt{27}x)^2-1^2=(\sqrt{27}x-1)(\sqrt{27}x+1)$
2.
a)
$x^3-9x^2+27x-27=-8$
$\Leftrightarrow x^3-3.3x^2+3.3^2.x-3^3=-8$
$\Leftrightarrow (x-3)^3=-8=(-2)^3$
$\Rightarrow x-3=-2$
$\Leftrightarrow x=1$
b)
$64x^3+48x^2+12x+1=27$
$\Leftrightarrow (4x)^3+3.(4x)^2.1+3.4x.1^2+1^3=27$
$\Leftrightarrow (4x+1)^3=3^3$
$\Rightarrow 4x+1=3$
$\Leftrightarrow x=\frac{1}{2}$