Đặt \(x=\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{a}\Rightarrow\frac{a^2}{b^2}+\frac{b^2}{a^2}=x^2-2\)
Xét mẫu thức : \(\frac{a^2}{b^2}+\frac{b^2}{a^2}-\left(\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{a}\right)=x^2-x-2=\left(x+1\right)\left(x-2\right)\)
Thay \(x=\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{a}\) được mẫu thức : \(\left(\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{a}+1\right)\left(\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{a}-2\right)=\left(\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{a}+1\right).\frac{\left(a-b\right)^2}{ab}\)
Ta có : \(P=\frac{\left(\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{a}+1\right)\left(\frac{1}{a}-\frac{1}{b}\right)^2}{\frac{a^2}{b^2}+\frac{b^2}{a^2}-\left(\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{a}\right)}=\frac{\left(\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{a}+1\right).\frac{\left(a-b\right)^2}{a^2b^2}}{\left(\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{a}+1\right).\frac{\left(a-b\right)^2}{ab}}\)
\(=\frac{\left(a-b\right)^2}{a^2b^2}.\frac{ab}{\left(a-b\right)^2}=\frac{1}{ab}\) (đpcm)
b) Áp dụng bđt Cauchy :
\(1=4a+b+\sqrt{ab}\ge2\sqrt{4a.b}+\sqrt{ab}\)
\(\Rightarrow5\sqrt{ab}\le1\Rightarrow ab\le\frac{1}{25}\)
\(\Rightarrow P=\frac{1}{ab}\ge25\) . Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(\begin{cases}4a+b+\sqrt{ab}=1\\4a=b\end{cases}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\begin{cases}a=\frac{1}{10}\\b=\frac{2}{5}\end{cases}\)
Vậy P đạt giá trị nhỏ nhất bằng 25 tại \(\left(a;b\right)=\left(\frac{1}{10};\frac{2}{5}\right)\)
