a: Ta có: x=31
nên x-1=30
Ta có: \(A=x^3-30x^2-31x+1\)
\(=x^3-x^2\left(x-1\right)-x^2+1\)
\(=x^3-x^3+x^2-x^2+1\)
=1
c: Ta có: x=16
nên x+1=17
Ta có: \(C=x^4-17x^3+17x^2-17x+20\)
\(=x^4-x^3\left(x+1\right)+x^2\left(x+1\right)-x\left(x+1\right)+20\)
\(=x^4-x^4-x^3+x^3+x^2-x^2-x+20\)
\(=20-x=4\)
d: Ta có: x=12
nên x+1=13
Ta có: \(D=x^{10}-13x^9+13x^8-13x^7+...+13x^2-13x+10\)
\(=x^{10}-x^9\left(x+1\right)+x^8\left(x+1\right)-x^7\left(x+1\right)+...+x^2\left(x+1\right)-x\left(x+1\right)+10\)
\(=10-x\)
=-2