\(Q=\dfrac{x-3\sqrt{x}-4}{x-\sqrt{x}-12}\left(ĐK:x\ge0;x\ne16\right)\\ =\dfrac{x-4\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{x}-4}{x-4\sqrt{x}+3\sqrt{x}-12}\\ =\dfrac{\sqrt{x}\left(\sqrt{x}-4\right)+\left(\sqrt{x}-4\right)}{\sqrt{x}\left(\sqrt{x}-4\right)+3\left(\sqrt{x}-4\right)}\\ =\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{x}+1\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-4\right)}{\left(\sqrt{x}+3\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-4\right)}\\ =\dfrac{\sqrt{x}+1}{\sqrt{x}+3}\)
\(P=\dfrac{x\sqrt{y}-y\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}-\sqrt{y}}=\dfrac{\sqrt{xy}\left(\sqrt{x}-\sqrt{y}\right)}{\sqrt{x}-\sqrt{y}}=\sqrt{xy}\)