Bài 3. Lũy thừa của một số hữu tỉ

\(\begin{array}{l}{\left( {\frac{{ - 2}}{3}} \right)^3} = \frac{{{{\left( { - 2} \right)}^3}}}{{{3^3}}} = \frac{{ - 8}}{{27}};\\{\left( {\frac{{ - 3}}{5}} \right)^2} = \frac{{{{\left( { - 3} \right)}^2}}}{{{5^2}}} = \frac{9}{{25}};\\{\left( { - 0,5} \right)^3} = {\left( {\frac{{ - 1}}{2}} \right)^3} = \frac{{{{\left( { - 1} \right)}^3}}}{{{2^3}}} = \frac{{ - 1}}{8};\\{\left( { - 0,5} \right)^2}=\frac{{{{\left( { - 1} \right)}^2}}}{{{2^2}}} = \frac{{1}}{4};\\\,{\left( {37,57} \right)^0} = 1;\,\\{\left( {3,57} \right)^1} = 3,57.\end{array}\)

a) Ta có:

 \({\left( {\frac{1}{3}} \right)^2}.{\left( {\frac{1}{3}} \right)^2} = \frac{1}{3}.\frac{1}{3}.\frac{1}{3}\frac{1}{3} = {\left( {\frac{1}{3}} \right)^4}\)

b)

\({\left( {0,2} \right)^2}.{\left( {0,2} \right)^3} = \left( {0,2.0,2} \right).\left( {0,2.0,2.0,2} \right) = {\left( {0,2} \right)^5}\)

a)\({\left( { - 2} \right)^2}.{\left( { - 2} \right)^3} = {\left( { - 2} \right)^{2 + 3}} = {\left( { - 2} \right)^5}\);

b)\({\left( { - 0,25} \right)^7}:{\left( { - 0,25} \right)^5} = {\left( { - 0,25} \right)^{7 - 5}} = {\left( { - 0,25} \right)^2} = {\left( {0,25} \right)^2}\);

c)\({\left( {\frac{3}{4}} \right)^4}.{\left( {\frac{3}{4}} \right)^3} = {\left( {\frac{3}{4}} \right)^{4 + 3}} = {\left( {\frac{3}{4}} \right)^7}.\)

a) \({\left[ {{{\left( { - 2} \right)}^2}} \right]^3} = {\left( { - 2} \right)^2}.{\left( { - 2} \right)^2}.{\left( { - 2} \right)^2} = {\left( { - 2} \right)^{2 + 2 + 2}} = {\left( { - 2} \right)^6}\)

Vậy \({\left[ {{{\left( { - 2} \right)}^2}} \right]^3}\) = \({\left( { - 2} \right)^6}\)        

b) \({\left[ {{{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^2}} \right]^2} = {\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^2}.{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^2} = {\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^4}\)

Vậy \({\left[ {{{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^2}} \right]^2}\) = \({\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^4}\).

a)\({\left[ {{{\left( {\frac{{ - 2}}{3}} \right)}^2}} \right]^5} = {\left( {\frac{{ - 2}}{3}} \right)^{2.5}} = {\left( {\frac{{ - 2}}{3}} \right)^{10}}\)

Vậy dấu “?” bằng 10.

b) \({\left[ {{{\left( {0,4} \right)}^3}} \right]^3} = {\left( {0,4} \right)^{3.3}} = {\left( {0,4} \right)^9}\)

Vậy dấu “?” bằng 9.

c) \({\left[ {{{\left( {7,31} \right)}^3}} \right]^0} = 1\)

Vậy dấu “?” bằng 1.

a) \(58{\rm{ }}000{\rm{ }}000 = 5,{8.10^7}\)(km)

b) \(9{\rm{ }}460{\rm{ }}000{\rm{ }}000{\rm{ }}000 = 9,{46.10^{12}}\)(km)

\(\begin{array}{l}0,49 = {\left( {0,7} \right)^2};\\\,\frac{1}{{32}} =\frac{1^5}{2^5}={\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^5};\\\,\frac{{ - 8}}{{125}} =\frac{(-2)^3}{5^3}= {\left( {\frac{{ - 2}}{5}} \right)^3};\end{array}\)

\(\frac{{16}}{{81}} =\frac{4^2}{9^2}= {\left( {\frac{4}{9}} \right)^2} (hoặc \,\frac{{16}}{{81}} =\frac{2^4}{3^4}= {\left( {\frac{2}{3}} \right)^4});\\\,\frac{{121}}{{169}} =\frac{11^2}{13^2}= {\left( {\frac{{11}}{{13}}} \right)^2}\)

a)

\(\begin{array}{l}{\left( {\frac{{ - 1}}{2}} \right)^5} = \frac{{{{\left( { - 1} \right)}^5}}}{{{2^5}}} = \frac{{ - 1}}{{32}};\\{\left( {\frac{{ - 2}}{3}} \right)^4} = \frac{{{{\left( { - 2} \right)}^4}}}{{{3^4}}} = \frac{{16}}{{81}};\\{\left( { - 2\frac{1}{4}} \right)^3} = {\left( {\frac{{ - 9}}{4}} \right)^3} = \frac{{{{\left( { - 9} \right)}^3}}}{{{4^3}}} = \frac{{-729}}{{64}};\\{\left( { - 0,3} \right)^5} = {\left( {\frac{{ - 3}}{{10}}} \right)^5} = \frac{{ - 243}}{{100000}};\\{\left( { - 25,7} \right)^0} = 1\end{array}\)

b)

\(\begin{array}{l}{\left( { - \frac{1}{3}} \right)^2} = \frac{1}{9};\\{\left( { - \frac{1}{3}} \right)^3} = \frac{{ - 1}}{{27}};\\{\left( { - \frac{1}{3}} \right)^4} = \frac{1}{{81}};\\{\left( { - \frac{1}{3}} \right)^5} = \frac{{ - 1}}{{243}}.\end{array}\)

Nhận xét:

+ Luỹ thừa của một số hữu tỉ âm với số mũ chẵn là một số hữu tỉ dương.

+  Luỹ thừa của một số hữu tỉ âm với số mũ lẻ là một số hữu tỉ âm.

a)

\(\begin{array}{l}x:{\left( {\frac{{ - 1}}{2}} \right)^3} =  - \frac{1}{2}\\x =  - \frac{1}{2}.{\left( {\frac{{ - 1}}{2}} \right)^3}\\x = {\left( {\frac{{ - 1}}{2}} \right)^4}\\x = \frac{1}{{16}}\end{array}\)              

Vậy \(x = \frac{1}{{16}}\).

 b)

\(\begin{array}{l}x.{\left( {\frac{3}{5}} \right)^7} = {\left( {\frac{3}{5}} \right)^9}\\x = {\left( {\frac{3}{5}} \right)^9}:{\left( {\frac{3}{5}} \right)^7}\\x = {\left( {\frac{3}{5}} \right)^2}\\x = \frac{9}{{25}}\end{array}\)

Vậy \(x = \frac{9}{{25}}\).

c)

\(\begin{array}{l}{\left( {\frac{{ - 2}}{3}} \right)^{11}}:x = {\left( {\frac{{ - 2}}{3}} \right)^9}\\x = {\left( {\frac{{ - 2}}{3}} \right)^{11}}:{\left( {\frac{{ - 2}}{3}} \right)^9}\\x = {\left( {\frac{{ - 2}}{3}} \right)^2}\\x = \frac{4}{9}.\end{array}\)         

Vậy \(x = \frac{4}{9}\).

d)

\(\begin{array}{l}x.{\left( {0,25} \right)^6} = {\left( {\frac{1}{4}} \right)^8}\\x.{\left( {\frac{1}{4}} \right)^6} = {\left( {\frac{1}{4}} \right)^8}\\x = {\left( {\frac{1}{4}} \right)^8}:{\left( {\frac{1}{4}} \right)^6}\\x = {\left( {\frac{1}{4}} \right)^2}\\x = \frac{1}{{16}}\end{array}\)

Vậy \(x = \frac{1}{{16}}\).

\(\begin{array}{l}{\left( {0,25} \right)^8} = {\left[ {{{\left( {0,5} \right)}^2}} \right]^8}=(0,5)^{2.8} = {\left( {0,5} \right)^{16}};\\{\left( {0,125} \right)^4} = {\left[ {{{\left( {0,5} \right)}^3}} \right]^4} =(0,5)^{3.4}= {\left( {0,5} \right)^{12}};\\{\left( {0,0625} \right)^2} = {\left[ {{{\left( {0,5} \right)}^4}} \right]^2} =(0,5)^{4.2}= {\left( {0,5} \right)^8}\end{array}\)