a) x3 - 3x2 + 1 - 3x = ( x3 + 1 ) - ( 3x2 + 3x )
= ( x + 1 ) . ( x2 - x + 1 ) - 3x . ( x + 1 )
= ( x + 1 ) . ( x2 - x + 1 - 3x )
= ( x + 1 ) . ( x2 - 4x + 1 )
b) x4 - x3 - x2 + 1 = ( x4 - x3 ) - ( x2 - 1 )
= x3 . ( x - 1 ) - ( x - 1 ) . ( x + 1 )
= ( x - 1 ) . ( x3 - x -1 )