a: \(4x^2-3x-1\)
\(=4x^2-4x+x-1=\left(x-1\right)\left(4x+1\right)\)
b: \(=x^7+x^6+x^5-x^6-x^5-x^4+x^5+x^4+x^3-x^3+1\)
\(=\left(x^2+x+1\right)\left(x^5-x^4+x^3\right)-\left(x-1\right)\left(x^2+x+1\right)\)
\(=\left(x^2+x+1\right)\left(x^5-x^4+x^3-x+1\right)\)
c: \(=x^3-2x^2+x^2-4\)
\(=x^2\left(x-2\right)+\left(x-2\right)\left(x+2\right)\)
\(=\left(x-2\right)\left(x^2+x+2\right)\)
e: \(=\left(x+y\right)^2-\left(x+y\right)-12\)
\(=\left(x+y-4\right)\left(x+y+3\right)\)