x2 - 10xy + 9y
= x2 - xy - 9xy + 9y2
= x(x - y) - 9y(x - y)
= (x - y)(x - 9y)
x3 - x2 - 4
= x3 + x2 + 2x - 2x2 - 2x - 4
= x(x2 + x + 2) - 2(x2 + x + 2)
= (x2 + x + 2)(x - 2)
x3 - 5x2 + 8x - 4
= x3 - x2 - 4x2 + 4x + 4x - 4
= x2(x - 1) - 4x(x - 1) + 4(x - 1)
= (x - 1)(x2 - 4x + 4)
= (x - 1)(x - 2)2
x3 + 2x - 3
= x3 - x2 + x2 - x + 3x - 3
= x2(x - 1) + x(x - 1) + 3(x - 1)
= (x - 1)(x2 + x + 3)
x3 + 5x2 + 8x + 4
= x3 + x2 + 4x2 + 4x + 4x + 4
= x2(x + 1) + 4x(x + 1) + 4(x + 1)
= (x + 1)(x2 + 4x + 4)
= (x + 1)(x + 2)2