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Cho biết $\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{{e^x} - 1}}{x} = 1$ và $\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\ln \left( {1 + x} \right)}}{x} = 1$. Dùng định nghĩa tính đạo hàm của các hàm số:...

Hà Quang Minh · Accepted Answer

a) Với bất kì ${x_0} \in \mathbb{R}$, ta có:$f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f\left( x \right) - f\left( {{x_0}} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{{e^x} - {e^{{x_0}}}}}{{x - {x_0}}}$Đặt $x = {x_0} + \Delta x$. Ta có:$\begin{array}{l}f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{{e^{{x_0} + \Delta x}} - {e^{{x_0}}}}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{{e^{{x_0}}}.{e^{\Delta x}} - {e^{{x_0}}}}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{{e^{{x_0}}}.\left( {{e^{\Delta x}} - 1} \right)}}{{\Delta x}}\ &  = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} {e^{{x_0}}}.\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{{e^{\Delta x}} - 1}}{{\Delta x}} = {e^{{x_0}}}.1 = {e^{{x_0}}}\end{array}$Vậy ${\left( {{e^x}} \right)^\prime } = {e^x}$ trên $\mathbb{R}$.b) Với bất kì ${x_0} > 0$, ta có:$f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f\left( x \right) - f\left( {{x_0}} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\ln {\rm{x}} - \ln {{\rm{x}}_0}}}{{x - {x_0}}}$Đặt $x = {x_0} + \Delta x$. Ta có:$\begin{array}{l}f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\ln \left( {{x_0} + \Delta x} \right) - \ln {{\rm{x}}_0}}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\ln \left( {\frac{{{x_0} + \Delta x}}{{{{\rm{x}}_0}}}} \right)}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\ln \left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{{{{\rm{x}}_0}}}} \right)}}{{\Delta x}}\ = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{1}{{{x_0}}}.\frac{{\ln \left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{{{{\rm{x}}_0}}}} \right)}}{{\frac{{\Delta x}}{{{x_0}}}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{1}{{{x_0}}}.\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\ln \left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{{{{\rm{x}}_0}}}} \right)}}{{\frac{{\Delta x}}{{{x_0}}}}}\end{array}$Đặt $\frac{{\Delta x}}{{{x_0}}} = t$. Lại có: $\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{1}{{{x_0}}} = \frac{1}{{{x_0}}};\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\ln \left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{{{{\rm{x}}_0}}}} \right)}}{{\frac{{\Delta x}}{{{x_0}}}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to 0} \frac{{\ln \left( {1 + t} \right)}}{t} = 1$Vậy $f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \frac{1}{{{x_0}}}.1 = \frac{1}{{{x_0}}}$Vậy ${\left( {\ln x} \right)^\prime } = \frac{1}{x}$ trên khoảng $\left( {0; + \infty } \right)$.Câu trả lời: a) Với bất kì ${x_0} \in \mathbb{R}$, ta có:$f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f\left( x \right) - f\left( {{x_0}} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{{e^x} - {e^{{x_0}}}}}{{x - {x_0}}}$Đặt $x = {x_0} + \Delta x$. Ta có:$\begin{array}{l}f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{{e^{{x_0} + \Delta x}} - {e^{{x_0}}}}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{{e^{{x_0}}}.{e^{\Delta x}} - {e^{{x_0}}}}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{{e^{{x_0}}}.\left( {{e^{\Delta x}} - 1} \right)}}{{\Delta x}}\ &  = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} {e^{{x_0}}}.\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{{e^{\Delta x}} - 1}}{{\Delta x}} = {e^{{x_0}}}.1 = {e^{{x_0}}}\end{array}$Vậy ${\left( {{e^x}} \right)^\prime } = {e^x}$ trên $\mathbb{R}$.b) Với bất kì ${x_0} > 0$, ta có:$f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f\left( x \right) - f\left( {{x_0}} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\ln {\rm{x}} - \ln {{\rm{x}}_0}}}{{x - {x_0}}}$Đặt $x = {x_0} + \Delta x$. Ta có:$\begin{array}{l}f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\ln \left( {{x_0} + \Delta x} \right) - \ln {{\rm{x}}_0}}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\ln \left( {\frac{{{x_0} + \Delta x}}{{{{\rm{x}}_0}}}} \right)}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\ln \left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{{{{\rm{x}}_0}}}} \right)}}{{\Delta x}}\ = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{1}{{{x_0}}}.\frac{{\ln \left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{{{{\rm{x}}_0}}}} \right)}}{{\frac{{\Delta x}}{{{x_0}}}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{1}{{{x_0}}}.\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\ln \left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{{{{\rm{x}}_0}}}} \right)}}{{\frac{{\Delta x}}{{{x_0}}}}}\end{array}$Đặt $\frac{{\Delta x}}{{{x_0}}} = t$. Lại có: $\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{1}{{{x_0}}} = \frac{1}{{{x_0}}};\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\ln \left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{{{{\rm{x}}_0}}}} \right)}}{{\frac{{\Delta x}}{{{x_0}}}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to 0} \frac{{\ln \left( {1 + t} \right)}}{t} = 1$Vậy $f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \frac{1}{{{x_0}}}.1 = \frac{1}{{{x_0}}}$Vậy ${\left( {\ln x} \right)^\prime } = \frac{1}{x}$ trên khoảng $\left( {0; + \infty } \right)$.

Bài 2. Các quy tắc tính đạo hàm

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