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Vy Nguyễn Yến

The use of multiple-choice testing in American society has its beginnings in the idea of a meritocracy that is a society where the rulers are chosen not through thier wealth or connections but on their ability or merit. This idea can be traced as far back as the ancient Greeks. Even the ancient Chinese create examinations for the purpose of electing government officials. The notion of a society based on merit has always been favored in the United States. This has also been a country where the belief in universal individual opportunity has been greatly admired.
Until the Second World War, however, talent selection through higher education, and the opportunity for ordinary citizens to achieve their goals were separate and unrelated ideas. The introduction of widespread testing which was both reliable and valid meant that both these goals could be pursued together. This opportunity occured when the United States entered the Second World War. The US navy decided to test recruits in order to find which of them were suitable for college eucation before beginning military service. The eventual aim was for these recruits to be better able to perform higher level military tasks.
Because of the large number of people who had to be tested it was necessary to use a test which could be wuickly and reliably administere and scored at several test sites stimultaneously. On April 2 nd 1943, the first mass testing was administered to 325,000 young men. The success of the program meant that educational testing could be performed not just for talent selection but to give opportunity to the large mass of ordinary zitizens.
1. What does the word "merit" mean ?
A. deeds
B. talent
C. success
D. idea
2: Why does the author mention the Greeks and Chinese ?
A. To indicate that multiple choice testing is not new
B. To demonstate how well educated ancient people were
C. To show that selection based on merit is not a new idea
D. To give examples of society governed by the wealthy and connected
3: What is the main topic of the passage?
A. The United States' contribution to the war effort
B. The development of multiple- choice testing
C. The opportunities for the ordinary citizens
D. The idea of a meritocracy
4 : According to the passage, before World War II .....
A. individual opportunity had been increased
B. the military elite was better educated
C. educational testing was widespread
D. selection and indiviual opportunity were unconnected
5: The world "pursued" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to ....
A. rectified
B. carried on
C. examined by
D. hunted
6: What does the word "recruits" in line 12 mean ?
A. talented people
B. senior people
C. skillful people
D. Freshmen
7 The paragraphs following the passage most likely discuss which of the following?
A. Other goals of the US navy
B. The advances in educational testing
C. New test sites which became available
D. The new development of tests for ordinary citizens
8: Which of the following is NOT given as a trait of a multiple- choice test?
A. It ease of administration
B. Its reliability
C. Its validity
D. Its high level of performance
9: Where does this passage come from?
A. a thesis
B. an educational journal
C. a navy journal
D. a magazine
10: For which of the following terms underlined in the passage does the author supply a definition ?
A. valid
B. meritocracy
C. reliable
D. multiple-choice testing


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