Đọc bài và khoanh trắc nghiệm
Diffusion, the process of introducing cultural elements from one society into another, occurs in three basic patterns: direct contact, intermediate contact, and stimulus diffusion.
In direct contact, elements of a society’s culture may be adopted first by neighboring societies and then gradually spread farther afield. The spread of the manufacture of paper is an example of extensive diffusion by direct contact. The invention of paper is attributed to the Chinese Ts’ai Lun in A.D. 105. Within fifty years, paper was being made in many places in central China. By 264 it was found in Chinese Turkmenistan, and from then on the successive places of manufacture were Samarkand (751), Baghdad (793), Egypt (about 900), Morocco (about 1100), and France (1189). In general, the pattern of accepting the borrowed invention was the same everywhere. Paper was first imported into each area as a luxury, then in ever-expanding quantities as a staple product. Finally, usually within one to three centuries, local manufacture started.
Diffusion by intermediated contact occurs through the agency of third parties. Frequently, traders carry a cultural trait from the society that originated it to another group. As an example of diffusion through intermediaries, Phoenician traders spread the alphabet, which may have been invented by another Semitic group, to Greece. At times, soldiers serve as intermediaries in spreading a culture trait. During the Middle Ages, European soldiers acted as intermediaries in two ways: they carried European culture to Arab societies of North Africa and brought Arab culture back to Europe. In the nineteenth century Western missionaries brought Western-style clothing to such places as Africa and the Pacific islands.
In stimulus diffusion, knowledge of a trait belonging to another culture stimulates the invention or development of a local equivalent. A classic example of stimulus diffusion is the creation of the Cherokee syllabic writing system by a Native American named Sequoya. Sequoya got the idea from his contact with the English; yet he did not adopt the writing system nor did he even learn to write English. He utilized some English alphabetic symbols, altered others, and invented new ones. All the symbols he used represented Cherokee syllables and had a distinctly Cherokee form.
.
A. cultures retain their unique characteristics
B. cultural elements transfer from one culture to another
C. paper came into general use
D. economies grew through trade and manufacturing
12. The word “attributed” in line 5 is closest in meaning to________________ .
A. credited
B. presented
C. promised
D. limited
13. The word “successive” in line 7 is closest in meaning to______________ .
A. specialized
B. principal
C. prosperous
D. subsequent
14. The word “it” in line 13 refers to_______________________ .
A. diffusion
B. contact
C. trait
D. society
15. According to the passage, a change that occurred in Africa and the
Pacific islands as a result of the arrival of missionaries was________ .
A. an increase in the presence of soldiers
B. variation in local style of dressing
C. the manufacture of paper
D. the introduction of new alphabetical systems
16. In stating that the Cherokee writing system is a classic example, the
author means that this example is especially____________________ .
A. representative
B. understandable
C. difficlut
D. old
17. What did Sequoya do?
A. Adopt the English writing system for use in Cherokee
B. Study English intensively in order to learn to write it
C. Teach English to Cherokee Native Americans
D. Create a Cherokee writing system based on elements of the
English alphabet
18. The origins of the Greek and Cherokee writing systems were discussed
in the passage because both systems___________________ .
A. underwent identical patterns of development in different parts of
the world
B. influenced the development of alphabets of other languages
C. represented distinct ways in which elements could be introduced
into a culture
D. were introduced by religious missionaries
19. Which of the following statements about direct contact, intermediate
contact, and stimulus diffusion is NOT true?
A. They all cause changes in culture.
B. They all occur in more than one culture.
C. They all involve the interaction of cultures.
D. They all require the trading of manufactured products.
20. The author organized the discussion in the passage by_______________ .
A. establishing a historical chronology from the past through the present
B. illustrating specific categories with examples
C. identifying important geographic regions
D. ranking categories from most to least significant
