c, ( 2x - 3 )2 - a2 - 2a - 1
= ( 2x - 3 )\(^2\) - ( a\(^2\) + 2a + 1 )
= ( 2x - 3 )\(^2\) - ( a + 1 )\(^2\)
= ( 2x - 3 - a - 1 ) ( 2x - 3 + a + 1 )
= ( 2x - a - 4 ) ( 2x + a - 2 )
d, 8x2 + 4xy - 2ax - ay
= 4 x ( 2x + y ) - a ( 2x + y )
= ( 4x - a ) ( 2x + y )
e, x2 - 2x - 3
= x\(^2\)+ x - 3x - 3
= x ( x + 1 ) - 3 ( x+1 )
= ( x - 3 ) ( x + 1 )