Câu 1:
\(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=a^2+b^2+c^2\Rightarrow ab+ac+bc=0\Rightarrow bc=-ab-ac\)
\(a^2+2bc=a^2+bc+bc=a^2+bc-ac-ab=\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)\)
Tương tự: \(b^2+2ac=\left(b-a\right)\left(b-c\right)\); \(c^2+2ab=\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)\)
\(P=\frac{a^2}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)}-\frac{b^2}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)}+\frac{c^2}{\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}=\frac{a^2\left(b-c\right)-b^2\left(a-c\right)+c^2\left(a-b\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}\)
\(P=\frac{a^2\left(b-c\right)-b^2a+ac^2+b^2c-bc^2}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}=\frac{a^2\left(b-c\right)-\left(ab+ac\right)\left(b-c\right)+bc\left(b-c\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}\)
\(P=\frac{\left(b-c\right)\left(a^2-ab-ac+bc\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}=\frac{\left(b-c\right)\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}=1\)
Câu 2:
\(x=a+1\); \(y=4\left(a+1\right)^2+1=4x^2+1\); \(z=6\left(a+1\right)^2+1=6x^2+1\)
- Nếu \(x=2\Rightarrow z=25\) không phải nguyên tố (loại)
- Nếu \(x=3\Rightarrow z=55\) không phải nguyên tố (loại)
- Nếu \(x=5\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}y=101\\z=151\end{matrix}\right.\) là số nguyên tố \(\Rightarrow a=4\)
- Nếu \(x>5\) ta có các trường hợp:
+) \(x=5k+1\Rightarrow y=4\left(5k+1\right)^2+1=4\left(25k^2+10k\right)+5⋮5\) (loại)
+) \(x=5k+2\Rightarrow z=6\left(5k+2\right)^2+1=6\left(25k^2+20k\right)+25⋮25\) (loại)
+) \(x=5k+3\Rightarrow z=6\left(25k^2+30k\right)+55⋮5\) (loại)
+) \(x=5k+4\Rightarrow y=4\left(25k^2+40k\right)+65⋮5\) (loại)
Vậy \(a=4\) là số tự nhiên duy nhất thỏa điều kiện đề bài