Câu hỏi của Hoàng Ngọc Linh

Question

A . Grammar

I. Language focus . Unit 6

+ Adjective and adverb + Adjective + that clause

+ Adverb clause of reason . ( because , since , as ) + Conditional sentences type 1

· Exercises: Adjective...

Công chúa ánh dương · Accepted Answer

· Exercises: Adjective or adverb

1. The old man walked .........slowly..................to the park. (slow)

2. The children seemed very ..............nervous.................before the final exam. (nervous)

3. They lived in the countryside ................happily.......................( happy)

4. Hoa was ...............extremely................pleased that she got an A for her assignment. ( extreme)

5. I hate him because he behaves ..........friendly............... ( friend )

1. Ba is tired . He stayed up late watching TV. ( because) Ba is tired because He stayed up late watching TV

2. I was careless. I broke the cup . ( as) As I was careless, I broke the cup

3. I want to go home . I feel sick . ( since ) I want to go home since I feel sick

4. She / surprised / am / hasn’t / I / that / phoned . ( rearrange )

i am surprised that she hasn't phoned

5. If it is raining this evening , I .........................out . ( don’t go / won’t go / go )

6. If she ( have ) ...........has..............his telephone number , she will phone him .

7. Ask Mai to come and see me if you ...........................her . ( meet / will meet / met/ can meet)

8. I ‘ve looked .......for.........my pen every where and I can’t find it any where. ( preposition)

· Exercises: Do as directed

1. Hoa fell her math test .........................., she has to do the test again . ( however / therefore/ but )

2. It’s raining , ...........................I can’t go to the beach. ( so / however/ and )

3. If we go ....on......wasting water , there will be a shortage of fresh water in a few decade. ( fill in the gap)

4. Turn ......on.........the TV for me , will you ? I want to watch the weather forecast.

5. She can’t go to the movies . She will have to look......after..................her little sister.

6. I suggest ................collecting..................unused clothes. ( collect)

7. I suggest that you ..............should go..............to bed early . ( go )

8. I used to smoke but I .........gave...............up last year. ( fill in the gap)

· Exercises: Do as directed .

1. This watch is a gift. The gift was given to me by my aunt on my 14th birthday. ( which)

This watch is the gift which was given to me by my aunt on my 14th birthday.

2. My friend Tom can compose songs . Tom sings western folk songs very well. ( Who )

My friend Tom who sings western folk songs very well can compose songs

3. I bought a picture . It was very valuable. ( which )

I bought a picture which was very valuable

4. I saw the girl . She helped us last week. ( who )

I saw the girl who helped us last week.

5. The visitors can see a lot of beautiful parks . They come to London. ( Who )

The visitors who come to London can see a lot of beautiful parks

6. Where are the eggs . They are in the fridge. ( which )

Where are the eggs which are in the fridge?

7. The car is very new. I have just bought it . ( which )

The car which I have just bought is very new

8. The boy was very poor . I helped him yesterday. ( whom)

The boy whom I helped yesterday was very poor

9. I met the man ......who................know you .

10. Your mother , ........who............ answered the phone , told me you were away.

11. They are at Heathrow Airport, ........which.............is one of the biggest airport in the world .

12. It’s in Hue............where...............I was born.

13. My class has 20 students , all of .......................who..........are girls .

14. We walked down the steps........which...........led to the basement .

15. Frank, .........who.............was talking to Jim, used to teach me English.

16. He ‘s got an English name . He is in fact American. ( although)

He ‘s got an English name although He is American.

17. I decided to accept the job. The salary was low .

=> In spite of the low salary, I decided to accept the job

18. Although he has a pleasant manner . He is a bad doctor.

=> Despite his pleasant manner , He is a bad doctor.

19. He often tells lies . Many people believe him . ( Though )

=> though He often tells lies , Many people believe him .

20. She kept on studying . It was noisy. ( Even though)

=>Even though It was noisy, She kept on studying

Exercises:

1. If we met an alien, we ………would invite…………. Him to my home and talk( invite)

2. If I was you, I ……wouldn't do………………… that.(not ,do)

3. If I ……had……enough money, I would buy a new computer.(have)

4. If Mr Tuan had a car, he ……would drive…………….. to work(drive)

5. It ……is…… a book or it ……is……a game (be)

B.exercises:

ICircle the letter of the best answer :

1. My father has to go to work ...........................it is raining hard.( though/ but/ because/ and)

2. He loves his parents very much and wants them to be ....................( happy/ happily/ happiness/ happen)

3. I’m pleased...................................your pronunciation is getting better.( that/ why/ so/ with?

4. If you go out, you .......................................wet( are /will/ will be/ be)

5. My sister will look .......................................my baby when I’m away.( after/ at/ for/ up?

6. Nam runs very.......................................( slow/ slowed/ slowly/ quick)

7. What should we do to ...........................................the Environment?( keep/ prevent/ proctect/reduce)

8. You can reduce garbage by.....................................plastic bags.( making/ collecting/ putting/ keeping)

9. Don’t forget to turn ..........................................the faucet when you leave the room.( on/ in/ off/ at.)

10.He’s ill ...................,..................... he has to work.( therefore /because/ however/ so)

11.We are worried ...........................................our water bill( to/ about/ at/ with)

12. We can save natural resources by using.........................................energy.( Sun/ Sun’s/ the Sun/ solar)

13. You should reduce the................................of water your family use.( number/ amount/ much/ many)

14. A............................faucet can waste 500 litters of water a month.( dripped/ dripping/ driped/ driping)

15.Mrs Tam gives us advice.....................................how to save water.( on/ in/ off/ about)

16. ..............................................the weather is fine, we should go for a walk.( when/ unless/if/ whether)

17. I’m looking forward ..........................................your information.( to hear/ hear/ hearing/ to hearing)

18. If all the pollution goes on, the world......................like a second hand junk yard( will end/ would end/ ends/ ended)

19. Lan is hungry ...........................................she hasn’t eaten all day( because/if/ although/so)

20.The suggest ..............................................showers because they can save water.( to take/ took/ taking/ taken)

21. passover is celebrated in Israel and by all ...................people .( English/ VietNamese/ Japanese/ Jewish)

22. It’s very nice .........................................you to give me this present!( of/ in/ by/ on)

23. He is the most ........................................activist in the town.( effective/ effection/ effect/ effectively)

24. In Australia, a tropical storm is calleda ..........................................( typhoon/ cyclone/ hurricane/ tornado)

25. we can usually predict when a volcano will...................................( abrupt/ abruptness/ erupt/ eruption)

26. He is the man ...........................................helped me yesterday.( which/ who/ whom/ whose)

27. The car ....................................................she has just bought is verymodern( which/ who/ whom/ whose)

28......................................are funnel -shaped stroms which pass overland below a thunderstorm

.( earthquakes/ typhoons/ volcanoes/ tornadoes)

30. We are saving money..................................we want to buy a new house.( so/ because/ but/ and)

31. My father has to go to work ...........................it is raining hard.( though/ but/ because/ and)

II.Use the correct form of word

1. HCMC can ....................expect.................thunderstorm someday. ( expectation )

2. Thousands of people were ...........disastrously..............killed in that morning . ( disaster)

3. He is a .............trustful..........................man . ( trust)

4. He is one of the best ................scientists...................in the world . ( science)

5. Some ...........environmental...................groups have declared a boycott of tourism on the island. ( environment )

6. That old man told me an .................amazing..............story . ( amaze)

7. My brother spent hours.............repairing................his motorbike. ( repair)

8. Don’t forget to bring my dictionary when you ...........come...................back tomorrow . ( come )

9. You .............would feel...............cold if the sun ...............didn't shine....................... ( feel / not shine )

10. She dislikes ..............being asked.....................to do something by the others. ( ask)

11. New Year’s Day is .............on......................January 1st.

12. Auld Lang Syne is ......on...........New Year’s Eve.

13. I congratulate Susan....on.......passing her exam .

14. The music is too loud . Can you turn it ........down..............a little . ( preposition )

15. Why don’t you bring ...........along......................an umbrella?

16. This novel, that=>which I bought last week , is very interesting . ( correct the mistake )………………

17. Last summer I have=>had stayed on my uncle ‘s farm for two weeks . ( correct the mistake )………

18. This car used to paint=>be painted white. ( correct the mistake )…………………………………………

19. A tornado looks as=?like a funnel. ( correct the mistake )……………………………………………

20. How about ............going....................to the zoo ? ( go)

21. He will stay there .....at...........the beginning of October. ( preposition )

22. Mr Thanh leaves Hanoi .....at.......2 pm.

23. I am looking forward to ..............hearing.................from you . ( hear )

24. Let’s ..........play......................a game . ( play )

25.I want to see the.....................protection..................of environment from the local authority( protect)

26.The old man walked ............slowly..........................to the park.( slow)

27.She broke the vase because she was..........careless...........( care)

28.If we go on littering , the environment will become ..................seriously........................polluted ( serious)

29.If the ........................pollution......................continues, what will happen?( pollute)

30.They want to save ..................natural.............................resources( nature)

31.This festival .................is celebrated...................in Israel every year . ( celebrate )

III/ fill in a suitable preposition

1/ Can you turn...........up.............. the volumne? I’d like to listen to the weather forecast.

2/ If you go ...........on........ littering, the environment will be seriously polluted

3/ though we don’t have mother’s day in viet Nam, dad and I usually have presents........for............ my mother ..........on.............. March 8th

4/ nam is fond ...........of................ playing soccer

5/ I can’t go to the movies tonight. T have to look ........after.............. my baby sister.

6/ Congratulation ..........on............... your passing the exam!

7/ You should go to school by bike instead ...............of..........going by motorbike

8/ it’s kind .......of..................... you to say so.

9/ I’d like to watch stars.........at................... night

10/ My father is great. I am proud ...........of......... him

IV/ Use the correct form of words:

1/ I’m afraid of ..................natural..................... disaster ( nature)

2/ my father has a sense of ...............humor................ ( humorous)

3/ Tet is the most popular .............celebration..................... in Viet Nam ( Celebrate)

4/We will make this beach clean and ...........beautiful....................... again ( beauty)

5/ What happens if the ............pollution.............. goes on ( pollute)

6/ Consumers want ..............products.............. that will not only work effectively but also save money ( produce)

7/ If we go on wasting water, there will be a .......shortage.................... of water in a few decades ( short)

8/ Buy some ..........canned................ food in case the typhoon comes ( can)

9/ When a ..............tropical................. storm reaches 120km per hour, it is called a typhoon (tropic)

10/ If the typhoon comes, the market will be closed and no food aill be .......available................ ( avail)

11. We ..................won't play................ play well if it rains( not/rain)

12.Please mail this letter if you ..............have.....................her address.( have)

13.If he studies hard ,I ..................will pass......................the final exam (pass)

14I think we should ......................take....................a shower instead of a bath to save energy.( take)

15. If we go on ...............wasting ........................water, there will be a shortage of fresh water in a few decades.( waste)

V/ combine the sentences using relative clauses:

1/ On my mom’s birthday my dad gave her roses. The roses were very sweet and beautiful.

On my mom’s birthday my dad gave her roses which were very sweet and beautiful.

2/ Mr Thanh can compose songs. He sings very well.

Mr Thanh who sings very well can compose songs

3/ Nam is the boy. He is wearing a white T- shirt

Nam is the boy who is wearing a white T- shirt

4/ The book is very interesting. He bought it yesterday.

The book which he bought yesterday is very interesting.

VI/ combine the sentences using: so/ As/ Because/ although.but, and..

1/ Nam got wet. He forgot his umbrella.

Nam got wet because He forgot his umbrella.

2/ It’s raining . We can’t go to the beach.

It’s raining so We can’t go to the beach.

3/ He was tired. He trie to complete his homework.

although He was tired, He tried to complete his homework.

4/ The camera didn’t work. Mr robinson took it back to the shop.

The camera didn’t work so Mr robinson took it back to the shop.

5/ I’d love to play volleyball. I have to complete my homework

I’d love to play volleyball but I have to complete my homework

6.Mai wants to go home. She feels sick ( because)

Mai wants to go home because She feels sick

7.Nga is hungry. She hasn’t eaten all day ( since)

Nga is hungry since She hasn’t eaten all day

8.The rice paddies are polluted ,. The rice plants will die.( If)

if The rice paddies are polluted ,The rice plants will die

9.The oil will pollute the sea. People are worried ( using ADJ + that clause)

People are worried that The oil will pollute the sea

10.We didn’t enjoy our holiday .The weather was bad ( so)

The weather was bad so We didn’t enjoy our holiday

11.I often go to school with the boy . He in my neighbor’s son.( who)

I often go to school with the boy who is my neighbor’s son

12.The man is my father .He spoke to you.( who)

The man who spoke to you is my father

13. I lost a pen .It is very good( which)

I lost a pen which is very good

14. The car is very expensive.It ‘s just been bought by Mr Pike.( which)

The car which has just been bought by Mr Pike. is very expensive

15.He is very tired but he has to finish his homework( although)

although .He is very tired , he has to finish his homework(

V/ Use the correct form of verb:

1/ I want everyone ...........to listen................. ( listen) carefully.

2/ How about ..........using..................... ( use) tree leaves to wrap things ?

3/ If we keep the environment clean, we .........will have................ (have) heathy life

4/ you should .............reduce...............(reduce) the amount of water your family use.

VI/ Rewrite:

1.The game took place although it rained heavily.

=> In spite of the heavy rain, The game took place

2.In spite of agood performance, she lost the match

=> Although she had a good performance, she lost the match

3.Trinh cong son is dead. He composed many famous songs.

=> Tring cong son who composed many famous songs is dead

4.The concert was cancelled because the singer was ill.

=> Because of the singer's illness, The concert was cancelled

5.The weather was good, but people still want them.

=> In spite of the good weather, people still want them.

6.If you don’t learn hard, you will fail in you exam.

=> Unless you learn hard, you will fail in you exam.

7Although he’s got a french name ,he is in fact American.

=> Despite getting a french name ,he is in fact American.

8.I decided to accept the job although the salary was low.

=> In spite of the low salary, I decided to accept the job

9.In spite of her ill ness , my mother never complained.

=> Although my mother was ill, she never complained.

I.Read the passage and do the exercisee below :

1.These sentences are True(T) or False (F):

a. June 20th was an important day . _F__

b. The name of the spaceship was Apollo. __T__

c. The astronauts walked on the surface of the moon . _T___

d. Apollo I left the moon and returned to the earth on July 21st . __T__

2.Answer the questions:)

a. Did two Americans land on the moon ? àyes, they did

b. What did they pick up from the moon ?-They picked up some rocks

C.Further practice:

1: Supply the correct form of the word in parentheses

1. We should use papere as( economy) ……economically……..

2. She refused ( pay )………paying……. ……….for the meal

3. They live in ta ( mountian)…………mountainous……………….area in the north-east

4. My boss let me (go )…………go……… ……….. home early

5. His sudden (die)…………death…………………..must be a shock to his family.

6. Your writing is impossible (read)……to read……….

7. I’ll never forget (meet)…………to meet…………….. on that day

8. There are over 50(compete)………competitors………….. in the talent contest.

9. Nam ( nominated)…………is nominated…………… as the best student in this class

10. Television is one of the cheapest forms of (entertain)………entertainment…………

11. His son’s (behave)………behavior……………. has not improved much

12. Thousands of people were ( disaster)...........disastrously....................killed in that morning .

13. Listen to those people! What language are they(speak)………speaking………….?.

14.He draws cartoons for a( humor)………humorous……………... magazine.

15. The gas from the chemical factory is extremely(harm)……harmful………….

16. My brother is a stamp(collect)………collector……………

2. Change into passive

1. What plays did Shakespeare write ?.

-->.What plays were written by Shakespeare?

2. They invited a lot of people to their party last night

=> a lot of people were invited to their party last night

3. Christopher discovered America in 1492

=> America was discovered by Christopher in 1492

4. A policeman took him to the police- station

=> he was taken to the police- station by A policeman

5. They have not used this machine for ages.

=>this machine has not been used for ages.

6. They have paid doctors a lot of money. doctors have been paid a lot of money.

7. Famous engineers have designed the aircraft.

=> the aircraft. has been designed by Famous engineers

8. Have several people just seen the accident?

=> has the accident been seen by several people?

9. Who has written that novel ?

=>who has that novel been written?

10. Nobody has seen Tim since he left school in 1990.

=> Tim hasn't been seen since he left school in 1990.

11. Peter is writing a letter to his friend.

=> a letter is being written to his friend by Peter.

12. My friends are making some phone calls in the evening.

=> some phone calls are being made by My friends in the evening.

13. Bad drivers are causing many accidents.

=> many accidents. are being caused byBad drivers

14. Alex was preparing that report when I came to see him.

=> that report was being prepared by Alex when I came to see him.

15. Two houses were pulling the farmer’s wagon.

=>the farmer’s wagon was being pulled by Two houses

16. Waiters and waitresses were serving the customers.

=> the customers were being served by Waiters and waitresses

17. The President was signing those papers.

=> those papers were being signed by The President

18. Was Mary helping her mother in the kitchen at that time ?

=> was her mother being helped by Mảy in the kitchen at that time ?

19. What were you doing at that time yesterday ?

=> what was being done by you at that time yesterday ?

20. People play soccer all over the world.

=> soccer is played all over the world.

21. They have just told us about that.

=> we have just been told about that.

22. My sister is writing that note in her notebook.

=>that note is being written by my sister in her notebook.

23. They keep those maps on the shelves for reference.

=> those maps are kept on the shelves for reference.

24. They gave my little sister a ticket.

=>my little sister was given a ticket.

25. They have invited all the members to the party.

=> all the members have been invted to the party.

26. They have put up banners and flags in the square.

=> banners and flags have been put up in the square.

27. The headmaster was making the announcement.

=> the announcement was being made by The headmaster

28. They make Honda cars in Japan.

=>Honda cars were made in Japan.

29. You must keep your dogs in the garden.

=> your dogs must be kept in the garden.

30. We will issue the library cards soon.

=> the library cards will be issued soon.

3. Use the correct form of verd

1. Everyone (shock) ____was shocked______ by the terrible news yesterday.

2. English (teach) _____í taught________ in the schools of almost every nation.

3. The mail (deliver / always) _____is always delivered_______ to this office before 10.00 p.m.

4. Glass bottles should (reuse) _____be reused_____.

5. Don’t (throw) _____throw_____everything away after you (use) ____use_____ it.

6. The red house (build) _____was built__________ in the year 1980.

7. Thanh (introduce) _______was introduced________ to the secretary of the club yesterday.

8. The classroom (clean) _______is cleaned________ every day.

9. He (punish) ____was punished_____ by the teacher because he (throw) _____threw____trash in the school yard yesterday.

10. This computer (export) ______is exported________ to 70 different countries.

11. All the letters (post) ____were posted___________ yesterday.

12. Clothes (belong) ____belong_______ to “fabric” group. They can (recycle) ____be recycled________.

13. The glass was clean because it (wash) _____were washed_______by a detergent liquid.

14. My uncle (pay) ________paid________ a lot of money to write his life story.

15. The newspaper (send) ______is sent________ to every part of the country by train.

16. My mother (make) ____is making________ tea now. She (drink) ___drinks_____ tea every morning.

17. Mankind might (live) ____live______ on the moon.

18. It’s a big factory. Five hundred people (employ) ____employ____ there.

19. Water (cover) __covers______ most of the Earth’s surface.

20. The letter (post) ____was posted____ a week ago and it (arrive) __arrived____ yesterday.

21. The boat (sink) ____sank____ quickly but fortunately everybody (rescue) ___was rescued _____.

22. Ron’s parents (die) _____died_____ when he was very young. He and his sister (bring) ___were brought______ up by their grandparents.

23. The gate (lock) __is locked______ at 6.30 pm everyday.

24. Sue (bear) ___was born______ in London but she (grow) ___grew_____ up in the north of England.

25. We (not/ play) _____didn't play____ football yesterday afternoon. The match (cancel) ____was cancelled_____.

26. Originally the book (write) ____was written_____ in Spanish and a few years ago it (translate) ___was translated _____ into English.

II/ Choose the best answers. ( 2pts )

1. My friend, Hoa , ....................works in a city bank , earns much money than I do .

a. who b. that c. which d.Whose

2. According to the weather ............................., It is going to rain here tomorrow

a. forecasting b. forecast c. forecasted d. on forecast

3. Turn .....................the volume . I can’t hear clearly .

a. down b. on c. off d.up

4. The house ....................I want to buy is very beautiful.

a. who b. which c. in which d. b and c are correct

5. ....................having a lot of money , she didn’t buy e new bike.

a. In spite of b. Although c. Though d. Because

6. I suggest.......................some monsy for poor children.

a. to raise b. raising c. raised d. raise

7. Many people became .......................after the earthquake.

a. home b. homesick c. homeless d. harmless

8.The house was ................................quiet .

a. strange b. strangely c. beautiful d. stranger

III/ Do as directed. ( 3pts )

1. This is the woman . She sat next to me last night . ( Combine using who )

This is the woman who sat next to me last night

2. The bicycle is very expensive . It is bought by Mr Nam . (Combine using which )

The bicycle which is bought by Mr Nam is very expensive

3. Hoa was tired . She helped Lan . ( although )

although Hoa was tired , She helped Lan

4. The ..........eruption ...................of the volcanoes is always disastrous . ( erupt )

5. Even though she was ill . She went to school . ( Rewrite sentence)

In spite of her illness, She went to school

6. Nam got wet. He forgot his umbrella. (Combine sentence-using Because)

Nam got wet because He forgot his umbrella.

IVI/ Use the correct form of the words(2pts)

1) 2. The ................pollution..................... (pollute) of the air is dangerous for us.

2) 3. Hoa isn’t sastisfied with her .............preparations........................ (prepare) for Tet.

3) 4. Why don’t we ...............walk...................... (walk ) to school?

4) If a disaster ...................happens..................... (happen), it will destroy many thing.

I/Choose the correct answer :2,5 ms

1.The dog ........... bit me yesterday is mine.

A .which B.who C.whom D.what

1.The clown made me .............................. alot.

A.to laugh B.laughing C.laugh

2.My school library is quite good ......................... public one.

3.The book ............... you gave me yesterday is interesting.

A.it B. that C.which D.who

4.When we lived in Hanoi ,my father used to................... us to the cinema.

A.take B.took C.took D.taken

5.This is the girl ................... helped me yesterday.

A.who B.whom C.which D.How

6.The man .............. I told you yesterday is so handsome.

A.what B.how C.which D.whom

7.Mrs Green .................. helps us to find the books.

A.is a librarian B.is librarian C.is the librarian D.the librarian

8.I ....................... go to Hanoi now if I had free time.

A.would B.will C.shall

9.My father often advises us ( to tell / telling / tell ) him the truth .

10.We enjoyed the film very much beacause it was so ( interested /interesting /interest

III/ Match the question in column A with the suitable anwser given in column B . (1,5ms)

A

B

1.Why do we need to buy food before a typhoon?

2. What food do we need to buy?

3. Why do we need to buy candies before a typhoon?

4. Why do we need to fill all buckets with water?

5. Why do we need to buy a ladder?

6. Why do we need to check all the window and door lathers?

B.-Because the market will be closed and no food will be available

D. -Rice ,oil, canned food, soy sause, flour.....

F. Because there may be power cut

A. -Because water pipes may be damaged and we’ll not have enough water to use right after the typhoon

E. -Because the roof may be damaged by the typhoon ,and we have to fix it

C. Just in case the strong wind pushes the doors open

1/……B….. 2/……D……. 3/……F….. 4/……A….. 5/……E….. 6/……C……

IV/Rewrite these sentences not changing the meaning :3ms

1.She’s very strong .She can carry her bags.

=> She’s .........strong............ enough to...............carry her bags............................................................

2.Lan is very lazy .She can’t do this test .

=> Lan is ...................... too.....lazy........... to ............do this test....................................................

3.What did she do?

=> I didn’t know ...........What she did..........................................................................................

4.I don’t get good marks.

=> I wish ............i got good marks ....................................................................................................

5.He goes to school in 1 hour .

=> It takes .........him 1 hour to go to school......................................................................................................

6.We saw some houses.They were rebuilt ,last year .

=> We climbed up the mountain , ....We saw some houses.They were rebuilt ,last year.....................................................................

V/ Read the test and do the following requirements( 2pts)

energy Sun n heat

At present, most of our electricity come from the use of coal, gas, oil or nuclear power. This power could be provided by the ..........Sun........... One percent of the solar energy that reaches the Earth is enough to provide power for the total ....................population.................... many countries are already using solar ......energy.................... Solar panels are placed on the roofs of the house and the sun’s energy is use to .......heat................. water. The energy can be stored for a number of days, so on cloudy days you can use solar energy too.

2. Answer the questions

a. where are the solar panels placed?

Solar panels are placed on the roofs of the house

b. can we use solar energy on cloudy days?

yes, we can

Chúc bạn học tốtCâu trả lời: · Exercises: Adjective or adverb