a) \(A=1+2^1+2^2+2^3+...+2^{2007}\)

\(\Rightarrow2A=2+2^2+2^3+2^4+...+2^{2008}\)

b) Ta có: \(2A=2+2^2+2^3+2^4+...+2^{2008}\)

\(\Rightarrow A=2A-A=2+2^2+2^3+2^4+...+2^{2008}-1-2-2^2-...-2^{2007}=2^{2008}-1\)

Lời giải:
a.

$A=1+2^1+2^2+2^3+....+2^{2007}$

$2A=1.2+2^1.2+2^2.2+2^3.2+....+2^{2007}.2$

$2A=2+2^2+2^3+2^4+....+2^{2008}$

b.

$A=2A-A=(2+2^2+2^3+2^4+...+2^{2008})-(1+2+2^2+...+2^{2007})$

$=2^{2008}-1$ (đpcm)

P/s: Lần sau bạn chú ý viết đề bằng công thức toán.

1)\(\dfrac{A}{B}=\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2007}+\dfrac{1}{2008}+\dfrac{1}{2009}}{\dfrac{2008}{1}+\dfrac{2007}{2}+\dfrac{2006}{3}+...+\dfrac{2}{2007}+\dfrac{1}{2008}}\)

\(\dfrac{A}{B}=\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2007}+\dfrac{1}{2008}+\dfrac{1}{2009}}{2008+\dfrac{2007}{2}+\dfrac{2006}{3}+...+\dfrac{2}{2007}+\dfrac{1}{2008}}\)

\(\dfrac{A}{B}=\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2007}+\dfrac{1}{2008}+\dfrac{1}{2009}}{1+\left(\dfrac{2007}{2}+1\right)+\left(\dfrac{2006}{3}+1\right)+...+\left(\dfrac{2}{2007}+1\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{2008}+1\right)}\)

\(\dfrac{A}{B}=\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2007}+\dfrac{1}{2008}+\dfrac{1}{2009}}{\dfrac{2009}{2009}+\dfrac{2009}{2}+\dfrac{2009}{3}+...+\dfrac{2009}{2007}+\dfrac{2009}{2008}}\)

\(\dfrac{A}{B}=\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2007}+\dfrac{1}{2008}+\dfrac{1}{2009}}{2009\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2007}+\dfrac{1}{2008}+\dfrac{1}{2009}\right)}\)

\(\dfrac{A}{B}=\dfrac{1}{2009}\)

2) \(A=\dfrac{3}{1^2.2^2}+\dfrac{5}{2^2.3^2}+\dfrac{7}{3^2.4^2}+...+\dfrac{19}{9^2.10^2}\)

\(A=\dfrac{2^2-1^2}{1^2.2^2}+\dfrac{3^2-2^2}{2^2.3^2}+\dfrac{4^2-3^2}{3^2.4^2}+...+\dfrac{10^2-9^2}{9^2.10^2}\)

\(A=1-\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}-\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}-\dfrac{1}{4^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{9^2}-\dfrac{1}{10^2}\)

\(A=1-\dfrac{1}{10^2}< 1\left(đpcm\right)\)

Ta có các số trong dãy đều có dạng 1/[ (n + 1)√n ]
Ta có: 1/[ (n + 1)√n ] = (√n)/[ (n + 1)√n.√n ] = (√n)/[ (n + 1)n ] = (√n).1/[ (n + 1)n ]
Do 1/[ (n + 1)n ] = 1/n - 1/(n + 1) (mình nghĩ bạn biết cái này)
=> (√n).1/[ (n + 1)n ] = (√n).[ 1/n - 1/(n + 1) ]
Ta có 1/n - 1/(n + 1) = (1/√n)² - [ 1/√(n + 1) ]²
= [ 1/√n + 1/√(n + 1) ]. [ 1/√n - 1/√(n + 1) ]
=> 1/n - 1/(n + 1) = [ 1/√n + 1/√(n + 1) ]. [ 1/√n - 1/√(n + 1) ]
=> (√n).[ 1/n - 1/(n + 1) ] = (√n).[ 1/√n + 1/√(n + 1) ]. [ 1/√n - 1/√(n + 1) ]
Nhân √n với [ 1/√n + 1/√(n + 1) ] ta được
(√n).[ 1/√n + 1/√(n + 1) ]. [ 1/√n - 1/√(n + 1) ] = [ 1 + (√n)/√(n + 1) ].[ 1/√n - 1/√(n + 1) ]
=> 1/[ (n + 1)√n ] = [ 1 + (√n)/√(n + 1) ].[ 1/√n - 1/√(n + 1) ] (1)
Do (√n)/√(n + 1) < √(n + 1)/√(n + 1)
=> (√n)/√(n + 1) < 1
=> 1 + (√n)/√(n + 1) < 1 + 1
=> 1 + (√n)/√(n + 1) < 2
=> [ 1 + (√n)/√(n + 1) ].[ 1/√n - 1/√(n + 1) ] < 2.[ 1/√n - 1/√(n + 1) ] (2)
Từ (1) và (2) => 1/[ (n + 1)√n ] < 2.[ 1/√n - 1/√(n + 1) ]
Áp dụng ta được
1/2 < 2( 1 - 1/√2)
1/3√2 < 2(1/√2 - 1/√3)
....
1/(n+1)√n < 2(1/√n - 1/√(n + 1) )
=> 1/2 + 1/3√2 + 1/4√3 +.....+ 1/(n+1)√n < 2( 1 - 1/√2) + 2(1/√2 - 1/√3) + ... + 2(1/√n - 1/√(n + 1) )
=> 1/2 + 1/3√2 + 1/4√3 +.....+ 1/(n+1)√n < 2( 1 - 1/√2 + 1/√2 - 1/√3 + ... + 1/√n - 1/√(n + 1) )
=> 1/2 + 1/3√2 + 1/4√3 +.....+ 1/(n+1)√n < 2(1 - 1/√(n + 1) ) (3)
Do 1√(n + 1) > 0
=> -1√(n + 1) < 0
=> 1 -1√(n + 1) < 1
=> 2(1 - 1/√(n + 1) ) < 2 (4)
Từ (3) và (4) => 1/2 + 1/3√2 + 1/4√3 +.....+ 1/(n+1)√n < 2

\(\dfrac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}}.\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\) . Do \(\sqrt{n+1}>\dfrac{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+1}}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}}.\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}< \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}}.\dfrac{2}{\left(\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+1}\right)}=\dfrac{2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)}{\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}}=2\left(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\)

Vậy \(\dfrac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}}< 2\left(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\)

Áp dụng vào bài toán:

\(\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{1}}+\dfrac{1}{3\sqrt{2}}+...+\dfrac{1}{2009\sqrt{2008}}< 2\left(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+...+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2008}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2009}}\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow VT< 2\left(1-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2009}}\right)< 2-\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{2009}}< 2\) (đpcm)

Vì \(\frac{1}{2^2}< \frac{1}{1.2};\frac{1}{3^2}< \frac{1}{2.3};...;\frac{1}{2018^2}< \frac{1}{2017.2018}\)

=> H = \(\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{2008^2}< \frac{1}{1.2}+\frac{1}{2.3}+...+\frac{1}{2017.2018}=1-\frac{1}{2018}< 1\)

=> H < 1

Ta có:

\(\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}}=\frac{\sqrt{n}}{n\left(n+1\right)}=\sqrt{n}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{\left(n+1\right)^2}}\right)\)

\(=\sqrt{n}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\)

\(=\left(1+\frac{\sqrt{n}}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\)

\(< \left(1+1\right)\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)=2\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\)

Áp dụng vào bài toán ta được

\(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3\sqrt{2}}+...+\frac{1}{2009\sqrt{2008}}\)

\(=2\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{1}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+...+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2008}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2009}}\right)\)

\(=2\left(1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2009}}\right)< 2\)

`A=\sqrt{1+2008^2+2008^2/2009^2}+2008/2009`

`=\sqrt{1+2008^2+2.2008+2008^2/2009^2-2.2008}+2008/2009`

`=\sqrt{(2008+1)^2-2.2008+2008^2/2009^2}+2008/2009`

`=\sqrt{2009-2.2008/2009*2009+2008^2/2009^2}+2008/2009`

`=\sqrt{(2009-2008/2009)^2}+2008/2009`

`=|2009-2008/2009|+2008/2009`

`=2009-2008/2009+2008/2009`

`=2009` là 1 số tự nhiên