TH1: \(x+y+z+t\ne0\) 

Áp dụng t/c dtsbn ta có:

\(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}=\dfrac{y}{z+t+x}=\dfrac{z}{t+x+y}=\dfrac{t}{x+y+z}=\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{3\left(x+y+z+t\right)}=\dfrac{1}{3}\)\(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3x=y+z+t\Rightarrow4x=x+y+z+t\\ \dfrac{y}{z+t+x}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3y=x+z+t\Rightarrow4y=x+y+z+t\\ \dfrac{z}{t+x+y}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3z=x+y+t\Rightarrow4z=x+y+z+t\\ \dfrac{t}{x+y+z}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3t=x+y+z\Rightarrow4t=x+y+z+t\)
\(\Rightarrow4x=4y=4z=4t\\ \Rightarrow x=y=z=t\)

\(P=\dfrac{x+y}{z+t}+\dfrac{y+z}{t+x}+\dfrac{z+t}{x+y}+\dfrac{t+x}{y+z}\\ =1+1+1+1\\ =4\)

TH2: \(x+y+z+t=0\) 

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-\left(z+t\right)\\y+z=-\left(x+t\right)\\z+t=-\left(x+y\right)\\t+x=-\left(y+z\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(P=\dfrac{x+y}{z+t}+\dfrac{y+z}{t+x}+\dfrac{z+t}{x+y}+\dfrac{t+x}{y+z}\\ =\dfrac{-\left(z+t\right)}{z+t}+\dfrac{-\left(t+x\right)}{t+x}+\dfrac{-\left(x+y\right)}{x+y}+\dfrac{-\left(y+z\right)}{y+z}\\ =-1-1-1-1\\ =-4\)

Từ gt của đề bài :

Áp dụng tính chất của dãy tỉ số bằng nhau ta có :

\(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}\text{=}\dfrac{y}{z+t+x}\text{=}\dfrac{z}{x+y+t}\text{=}\dfrac{t}{x+y+z}\text{=}\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{3.\left(x+y+z+t\right)}\left(\cdot\right)\)

Xét TH : \(x+y+z+t\text{=}0\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-\left(z+t\right)\\y+z\text{=}-\left(x+t\right)\\z+t\text{=}-\left(x+y\right)\\x+t\text{=}-\left(y+z\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

Do đó : \(P\text{=}-1+-1+-1+-1\)

\(P\text{=}-4\in Z\)

TH : \(x+y+z+t\ne0\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(\cdot\right)\text{=}\dfrac{1}{3}\)

Do đó : \(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}\text{=}\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3x\text{=}y+z+t\)

\(\Rightarrow4x\text{=}x+y+z+t\)

\(CMTT:\left\{{}\begin{matrix}4y\text{=}x+y+z+t\\4z\text{=}x+y+z+t\\4t\text{=}x+y+z+t\end{matrix}\right.\)

Mà : \(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}\text{=}\dfrac{y}{x+z+t}\text{=}\dfrac{z}{x+y+t}\text{=}\dfrac{t}{x+y+z}\)

\(\Rightarrow4x\text{=}4y\text{=}4z\text{=}4t\)

\(\Rightarrow x\text{=}y\text{=}z\text{=}t\)

Do đó : \(P\text{=}4\in Z\)

\(\Rightarrowđpcm\)

Kham khảo :

https://olm.vn/cau-hoi/cho-cac-so-thuc-xyzt-thoa-mandfracxyztdfracyztxdfracztxydfractxyz-cmr-p-dfracxyztdfracyztx.8377111224063.

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TH1: \(x+y+z+t\ne0\) 

Áp dụng t/c dtsbn ta có:

\(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}=\dfrac{y}{z+t+x}=\dfrac{z}{t+x+y}=\dfrac{t}{x+y+z}=\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{3\left(x+y+z+t\right)}=\dfrac{1}{3}\)\(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3x=y+z+t\Rightarrow4x=x+y+z+t\\ \dfrac{y}{z+t+x}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3y=x+z+t\Rightarrow4y=x+y+z+t\\ \dfrac{z}{t+x+y}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3z=x+y+t\Rightarrow4z=x+y+z+t\\ \dfrac{t}{x+y+z}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3t=x+y+z\Rightarrow4t=x+y+z+t\)
\(\Rightarrow4x=4y=4z=4t\\ \Rightarrow x=y=z=t\)

\(P=\dfrac{x+y}{z+t}+\dfrac{y+z}{t+x}+\dfrac{z+t}{x+y}+\dfrac{t+x}{y+z}\\ =1+1+1+1\\ =4\)

TH1: \(x+y+z+t=0\) 

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-\left(z+t\right)\\y+z=-\left(x+t\right)\\z+t=-\left(x+y\right)\\t+x=-\left(y+z\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(P=\dfrac{x+y}{z+t}+\dfrac{y+z}{t+x}+\dfrac{z+t}{x+y}+\dfrac{t+x}{y+z}\\ =\dfrac{-\left(z+t\right)}{z+t}+\dfrac{-\left(t+x\right)}{t+x}+\dfrac{-\left(x+y\right)}{x+y}+\dfrac{-\left(y+z\right)}{y+z}\\ =-1-1-1-1\\ =-4\)

Tham khảo: https://hoc24.vn/cau-hoi/cho-bieu-thuc-pdfracxyztdfracyztxdfracztxydfractxyz-tinh-gia-tri-bieu-thuc-p-biet-dfracxyztdfracyzt.3023321885549

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Lời giải:
Nếu $x+y+z+t=0$ thì:

$P=\frac{-(z+t)}{z+t}+\frac{-(t+x)}{t+x}+\frac{-(x+y)}{x+y}+\frac{-(y+z)}{y+z}$

$=-1+(-1)+(-1)+(-1)=-4$

Nếu $x+y+z+t\neq 0$ thì áp dụng TCDTSBN:

$\frac{x}{y+z+t}=\frac{y}{z+t+x}=\frac{z}{t+x+y}=\frac{t}{x+y+z}=\frac{x+y+z+t}{3(x+y+z+t)}=\frac{1}{3}$

$\Rightarrow 3x=y+z+t; 3y=z+t+x; 3z=t+x+y; 3t=x+y+z$

$\Rightarrow x=y=z=t$

$\Rightarrow P=1+1+1+1=4$