a) x6 + 1
= (x2)3 + 13
=(x2 +1)(x4 - x2 + 1)
b) x6 - y6
= (x2)3 - (y2)3
=(x2 -y2)(x4 + x2y2 + y4)
= (x-y)(x+y)[ x4 + 2.x2y2 + y4 - x2y2 ]
=(x-y)(x+y) [(x2 +y2)2 - (xy)2 ]
=(x-y)(x+y)(x2 - xy + y2)(x2 + xy + y2)
c) x9 +1
= (x3)3 + 13
=(x3 +1)(x6 - x3 -1)
= (x+1)(x2 - x +1)(x6 - x3-1)