Read the following pharagraph and compelete it with one suitable word.

Thing of all things you throw away: juice bottles, soft drink cans, candy wrappers. It adds up. (1)______ much trash do you produce?

American throws away an average of one ton of trash per person (2)______ year. Most of this trash gets buried (3)_____

big holes in the ground clled landfills. A lot of this gabage can be recycled, or turn back (4) ______ something useful.

Just about any material can be recycled. The mains things we recycle today are (5)_______ from metal, paper, glass, or plastic.

People recycle for many reasons. One of the (6)________ reasons is to coverve recources. Making new alumium cans out of old one means less aluminium is needed (7) ______ new cansThis lesds to a second reason people recycle: It saves energy. Recycling old aluminium cans takes a lot (8)______ energy than making new aluminium. To make new aluminium you (9)_______ to mine metal one from the ground, remove the impurities, and refine in into a finished metal. Recycling also conserves valuable land. (10)______ recycling, we produce less garbage. That means fewer landfill are needed of dumping our trash.

Garbage cans are not magical portals. Trash does not disappear when you toss it in a can. Yet, the average American throws away an estimated 1,600 pounds of waste each year. If there are no magic garbage fairies, where does all that trash go? There are four methods to managing waste: recycling, land-filling, composting, and incinerating. Each method has its strengths and weakness. Let’s take a quick look at each.

Recycling is the process of turning waste into new materials. For example, used paper can be turned into paperboard, which can be used to make book covers. Recycling can reduce pollution, save materials, and lower energy use. Yet, some argue that recycling wastes energy. They believe that collecting, processing, and converting waste uses more energy than it saves. Still, most people agree that recycling is better for the planet than land-filling.

Land-filling is the oldest method of managing waste. In its simplest form, land-filling is when people bury garbage in a hole. Over time the practice of land-filling has advanced. Garbage is compacted before it is thrown into the hole. In this way more garbage can fit in each landfill. Large liners are placed in the bottom of landfills so that toxic garbage juice doesn’t get into the ground water. Sadly, these liners don’t always work. Landfills may pollute the local water supply. Not to mention that all of that garbage stinks. Nobody wants to live next to a landfill. This makes it hard to find new locations for landfills.

As landfill space increases, interest in composting grows. Composting is when people pile up organic matter, such as food waste, and allows it to decompose. The product of this decomposition is compost. Compost can be added to the soil to make the soil richer and better for growing crops. While composting is easy to do onsite somewhere, like home or school, it’s hard to do after the garbage gets all mixed up. This is because plastic and other inorganic materials must be removed from the compost pile or they will pollute the soil. There’s a lot of plastic in garbage, which makes it hard to compost on a large scale.

One thing that is easier to do is burning garbage. There are two main ways to incinerate waste. The first is to create or harvest a fuel from the waste, such as methane gas, and burn the fuel. The second is to burn the waste directly. The heat from the incineration process can boil water, which can power steam generators. Unfortunately, burning garbage pollutes the air. Also, some critics worry that incinerators destroy valuable resources that could be recycled.

Usually, the community which you live manages waste. Once you put your garbage in that can, what happens to it is beyond your control. But you can make choices while it is still in your possession. You can choose to recycle, you can choose to compost, or you can choose to let someone else deal with it. The choice is yours.

1. Which best explains why the author begins the text by talking about magical garbage fairies?

A. He is putting a common misconception to rest.        

B. He is trying to get the reader’s attention.

C. He is addressing his concern in a serious way.                     

D. He is supporting his argument with evidence.

2. Which best expresses the meaning of the word “compacted” as it is used in the third paragraph?

A. Garbage is burned before it is thrown in a hole.

B. Garbage is put in trucks before it is thrown in a hole.

C. Garbage is crushed smaller before it is thrown in a hole.

D. Garbage is put in a can before it is thrown in a hole.

3. Which was NOT cited in the third paragraph as an issue with land-filling?

A. Landfills are smelly.                                           B. Usable materials are wasted in landfills.

C. Landfills may pollute the water supply.          D. It is difficult to find locations for landfills.

4. Which best expresses the main idea of the fourth paragraph?

A. Landfills take up a lot of space.

B. Composting is good for the soil but it can be.

C. The process of composting is very complicated and scientific.

D. There is a lot of plastic garbage in landfills.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 28 to 34.

   Garbage is a big problem all over the world. People buy and use a lot of things nowadays. After a while, they throw them away in the garbage bin. All the garbage is later thrown away or dumped outside the city. These places are called landfill sites. In many cities, landfill sites are now full.

   We have to manage our waste and garbage better. If we throw away so many things, soon we will have no place to dump them. The best thing to do is to reduce the amount of garbage. If we use less, we throw away less. For instance, we can buy food in big boxes and packages. Then we throw away only one box every month or so. Otherwise, we throw away many small boxes or cans every day.

   Similarly, we can reuse a lot of packaging. For example, we do not have to buy take-out coffee in Styrofoam cups, which are made of aluminum - a toxic material to the environment. We can bring our own cup from home and fill it with fresh coffee.

   We also do not have to take the plastic bags from the supermarket. We can bring our own cloth bag from home instead. When we pack lunch, it is better to use a lunch box than a paper bag. Instead of paper plates, we can use real plates. We can clean up with a dishtowel, not a paper towel. We can use a compost bin for food scraps. In this way, the food gets back into the earth. It does not get mixed up with the regular garbage.

   Finally, all paper, glass and metal we do use, we can recycle. In many countries, there are now recycling programs. In Germany, for example, people separate all glass bottles by color. Then they put the bottles into special bins that are on the street. The city collects the glass, cleans it, and reuses it. As well, in most countries, people recycle newspapers and cardboard. It is easy and efficient.

(Source: http://mini-ielts. com/869/reading/the-garbage-problem)

What do people throw away?

A. Lunch box

B. Wood

C. Plastic, glass and metal 

D. Dishtowel

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 28 to 34.

   Garbage is a big problem all over the world. People buy and use a lot of things nowadays. After a while, they throw them away in the garbage bin. All the garbage is later thrown away or dumped outside the city. These places are called landfill sites. In many cities, landfill sites are now full.

   We have to manage our waste and garbage better. If we throw away so many things, soon we will have no place to dump them. The best thing to do is to reduce the amount of garbage. If we use less, we throw away less. For instance, we can buy food in big boxes and packages. Then we throw away only one box every month or so. Otherwise, we throw away many small boxes or cans every day.

   Similarly, we can reuse a lot of packaging. For example, we do not have to buy take-out coffee in Styrofoam cups, which are made of aluminum - a toxic material to the environment. We can bring our own cup from home and fill it with fresh coffee.

   We also do not have to take the plastic bags from the supermarket. We can bring our own cloth bag from home instead. When we pack lunch, it is better to use a lunch box than a paper bag. Instead of paper plates, we can use real plates. We can clean up with a dishtowel, not a paper towel. We can use a compost bin for food scraps. In this way, the food gets back into the earth. It does not get mixed up with the regular garbage.

   Finally, all paper, glass and metal we do use, we can recycle. In many countries, there are now recycling programs. In Germany, for example, people separate all glass bottles by color. Then they put the bottles into special bins that are on the street. The city collects the glass, cleans it, and reuses it. As well, in most countries, people recycle newspapers and cardboard. It is easy and efficient.

(Source: http://mini-ielts. com/869/reading/the-garbage-problem)

Why should people NOT throw away Styrofoam cups?

A. Because they can fill them again with fresh tea.

B. Because they can buy take-out coffee in them

C. Because they can reuse them at home and office.

D. Because they are toxic to the environment.