TH1: \(x+y+z+t\ne0\) 

Áp dụng t/c dtsbn ta có:

\(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}=\dfrac{y}{z+t+x}=\dfrac{z}{t+x+y}=\dfrac{t}{x+y+z}=\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{3\left(x+y+z+t\right)}=\dfrac{1}{3}\)\(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3x=y+z+t\Rightarrow4x=x+y+z+t\\ \dfrac{y}{z+t+x}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3y=x+z+t\Rightarrow4y=x+y+z+t\\ \dfrac{z}{t+x+y}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3z=x+y+t\Rightarrow4z=x+y+z+t\\ \dfrac{t}{x+y+z}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3t=x+y+z\Rightarrow4t=x+y+z+t\)
\(\Rightarrow4x=4y=4z=4t\\ \Rightarrow x=y=z=t\)

\(P=\dfrac{x+y}{z+t}+\dfrac{y+z}{t+x}+\dfrac{z+t}{x+y}+\dfrac{t+x}{y+z}\\ =1+1+1+1\\ =4\)

TH1: \(x+y+z+t=0\) 

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-\left(z+t\right)\\y+z=-\left(x+t\right)\\z+t=-\left(x+y\right)\\t+x=-\left(y+z\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(P=\dfrac{x+y}{z+t}+\dfrac{y+z}{t+x}+\dfrac{z+t}{x+y}+\dfrac{t+x}{y+z}\\ =\dfrac{-\left(z+t\right)}{z+t}+\dfrac{-\left(t+x\right)}{t+x}+\dfrac{-\left(x+y\right)}{x+y}+\dfrac{-\left(y+z\right)}{y+z}\\ =-1-1-1-1\\ =-4\)

Tham khảo: https://hoc24.vn/cau-hoi/cho-bieu-thuc-pdfracxyztdfracyztxdfracztxydfractxyz-tinh-gia-tri-bieu-thuc-p-biet-dfracxyztdfracyzt.3023321885549

Bạn lưu ý không đăng lặp bài gây loãng box toán.

Lời giải:
Nếu $x+y+z+t=0$ thì:

$P=\frac{-(z+t)}{z+t}+\frac{-(t+x)}{t+x}+\frac{-(x+y)}{x+y}+\frac{-(y+z)}{y+z}$

$=-1+(-1)+(-1)+(-1)=-4$

Nếu $x+y+z+t\neq 0$ thì áp dụng TCDTSBN:

$\frac{x}{y+z+t}=\frac{y}{z+t+x}=\frac{z}{t+x+y}=\frac{t}{x+y+z}=\frac{x+y+z+t}{3(x+y+z+t)}=\frac{1}{3}$

$\Rightarrow 3x=y+z+t; 3y=z+t+x; 3z=t+x+y; 3t=x+y+z$

$\Rightarrow x=y=z=t$

$\Rightarrow P=1+1+1+1=4$

TH1: \(x+y+z+t\ne0\) 

Áp dụng t/c dtsbn ta có:

\(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}=\dfrac{y}{z+t+x}=\dfrac{z}{t+x+y}=\dfrac{t}{x+y+z}=\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{3\left(x+y+z+t\right)}=\dfrac{1}{3}\)\(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3x=y+z+t\Rightarrow4x=x+y+z+t\\ \dfrac{y}{z+t+x}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3y=x+z+t\Rightarrow4y=x+y+z+t\\ \dfrac{z}{t+x+y}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3z=x+y+t\Rightarrow4z=x+y+z+t\\ \dfrac{t}{x+y+z}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3t=x+y+z\Rightarrow4t=x+y+z+t\)
\(\Rightarrow4x=4y=4z=4t\\ \Rightarrow x=y=z=t\)

\(P=\dfrac{x+y}{z+t}+\dfrac{y+z}{t+x}+\dfrac{z+t}{x+y}+\dfrac{t+x}{y+z}\\ =1+1+1+1\\ =4\)

TH2: \(x+y+z+t=0\) 

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-\left(z+t\right)\\y+z=-\left(x+t\right)\\z+t=-\left(x+y\right)\\t+x=-\left(y+z\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(P=\dfrac{x+y}{z+t}+\dfrac{y+z}{t+x}+\dfrac{z+t}{x+y}+\dfrac{t+x}{y+z}\\ =\dfrac{-\left(z+t\right)}{z+t}+\dfrac{-\left(t+x\right)}{t+x}+\dfrac{-\left(x+y\right)}{x+y}+\dfrac{-\left(y+z\right)}{y+z}\\ =-1-1-1-1\\ =-4\)

* Nếu x = y = z = t; vẫn thỏa gt: \(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}\) = \(\dfrac{y}{x+z+t}\) = \(\dfrac{z}{y+x+t}\) = \(\dfrac{t}{y+z+x}\) = \(\dfrac{1}{3}\)
=> P = \(\dfrac{2x}{2x}+\dfrac{2x}{2x}+\dfrac{2x}{2x}+\dfrac{2x}{2x}=4\)
* Nếu có ít nhất 2 số khác nhau, giả sử x # y. tính chất tỉ lệ thức:
\(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}\) \(=\dfrac{y}{x+z+t}=\dfrac{x-y}{y+z+t-x-z-t}=\dfrac{x-y}{y-x}=-1\)
\(\rightarrow x=-y+z+t\rightarrow x+y+z+t=0\)
=>
{ x+y = -(z+t) ---- { (x+y)/(z+t) = -1
{ y+z = -(t+x) => { (y+z)/(t+x) = -1
{ z+t = -(x+y) ---- { (z+t)/(x+y) = -1
{ t+x = -(z+y) ---- { (t+x)/(z+y) = -1
=> P = -1 -1 -1 -1 = -4
Vậy P có giá trị nguyên

Ta có:\(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}=\dfrac{y}{z+t+x}=\dfrac{z}{t+x+y}=\dfrac{t}{x+y+z}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}+1=\dfrac{y}{z+t+x}+1=\dfrac{z}{t+x+y}+1=\dfrac{t}{x+y+z}+1\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{y+z+t}=\dfrac{y+z+t+x}{z+t+x}=\dfrac{z+t+x+y}{t+x+y}=\dfrac{t+x+y+z}{x+y+z}\)

*Xét: \(x+y+z+t\ne0\Rightarrow z=y=z=t,\)khi đó:\(P=1+1+1+1=4\)

* Xét \(x+y+z+t=0\Rightarrow x+y=-\left(z+t\right);y+z=-\left(t+x\right);z+t=-\left(x+y\right);t+z=\left(-y+z\right)\)Khi đó: \(P=\left(-1\right)+\left(-1\right)+\left(-1\right)+\left(-1\right)=-4\)

Vậy P luôn luôn có giá trị nguyên