Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.
Learning means acquiring knowledge or developing the ability to perform new behaviors. It is common to think of learning as something that takes place in school, but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom, and people continue to learn throughout their lives.
Even before they enter school, young children learn to walk, to talk, and to use their hands to manipulate toys, food, and other objects. They use all of their senses to learn about the sights, sounds, tastes, and smells in their environments. They learn how to interact with their parents, siblings, friends, and other people important to their world. When they enter school, children learn basic academic subjects such as reading, writing, and mathematics. They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom. They learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished. They learn social skills for interacting with other children. After they finish school, people must learn to adapt to the many major changes that affect their lives, such as getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job.
Because learning continues throughout our lives and affects almost everything we do, the study of learning is important in many different fields. Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate children. Psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other human-service workers need to understand how certain experiences change people’s behaviors. Employers, politicians, and advertisers make use of the principles of learning to influence the behavior of workers, voters, and consumers.
Learning is closely related to memory, which is the storage of information in the brain. Psychologists who study memory are interested in how the brain stores knowledge, where this storage takes place, and how the brain later retrieves knowledge when we need it. In contrast, psychologists who study learning are more interested in behavior and how behavior changes as a result of a person’s experiences.
There are many forms of learning, ranging from simple to complex. Simple forms of learning involve a single stimulus. A stimulus is anything perceptible to the senses, such as a sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste. In a form of learning known as classical conditioning, people learn to associate two stimuli that occur in sequence, such as lightning followed by thunder. In operant conditioning, people learn by forming an association between a behavior and its consequences (reward or punishment). People and animals can also learn by observation – that is, by watching others perform behaviors. More complex forms of learning in clued learning languages, concepts, and motor skills.
The passage mainly discusses ______
A. simple forms of learning
B. practical examples of learning inside the classroom
C. general principles of learning
D. application of learning principles to formal education
Đáp án C
Giải thích: Đoạn 1 của bài nói về định nghĩa chung của việc học, đoạn 2 nói về quá trình học, đoạn 3 nói về vai trò của việc học trong các lĩnh vực khác nhau, đoạn 4 nói về mối liên hệ giữa việc học và trí nhớ, đoạn 5 nói về các hình thức của việc học.
Như vậy nhìn chung cả bài đọc cung cấp thông tin về những khía cạnh cơ bản của việc học. Phương án C. general principles of learning = những nguyên tắc chung của việc học, thể hiện rõ nhất ý chính của bài.
A. simple forms of learning = hình thức học đơn giản
Đây chỉ là một phần rất nhỏ trong bài đọc, không phản ánh được toàn bộ nội dung bài.
B. practical examples of learning inside the classroom = những ví dụ thực tế của học bên trong lớp học
Trong bài không đưa ra những ví dụ thực tế về việc học trong lớp học.
D. application of learning principles to formal education = sự ứng dụng của những nguyên tắc học vào giáo dục chính quy.
Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài