Question

Reading the following passage and mark the letter A,B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 1 to 8.

You can usually tell when your friends are happy or angry by the looks on their faces or by their actions. This is useful because reading their emotional expressions helps you to know how to respond to important situations and to convey our intentions to others. But does raising the eyebrows and rounding the mouth say the same thing in Minneapolis as it does in Madagascar ? Much research on emotional expressions has centered on such questions.

According to Paul Ekman, the leading researcher in this area, people speak and understand substantially the same “facial language”. Studies by Ekman’s group have demonstrated that humans share a set of universal emotional expressions that testify to the common biological heritage of the human species. Smiles, for example, signal happiness and frowns indicate sadness on the faces of people in such far-flung places as Argentina, Japan, Spain, Hungary, Poland, Sumatra, the United States, Vietnam, the jungles of New Guinea, and the Eskimo villages north of Artic Circle. Ekman and his colleagues claim that people everywhere can recognize at least seven basic emotions : sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness, and surprise.

There are, however, huge differences across cultures in both the context and intensity of emotional displays – the so-called display responses – expecially negative ones – while many American children are encouraged to express their feelings more openly. Regardless of culture, however, emotions usually show themselves, to some degree, in people’s behavior. From their first days in life, babies produce facial expressions that communicate their feelings.

The ability to read facial expressions develops early, too. Very young children pay close attention to facial expressions, and by age five, they nearly equal adults in their skill at reading emotions on people’s faces. This evidence all points to a biological underpinning for our abilities to express and interpret a basic set of human emotions. Moreover, as Chales Dawin pointed out over a century ago, some emotional expressions seem to appear across species boundaries. Cross-cultural psychologists tell us that certain emotional responses carry different meanings in diferrent cultures. For example, what emotion do you suppose might be conveyed while sticking out your tounge ? For American, this might indicate disgust, while in China it can signify surprise. Likewise, a grin on an American face may indicate joy, while on a Japanese face it may just as easily mean embarrassment. Clearly, culture influences emotional expressions.

(Adapted from https://www.booksource.com)

Many studies on emotional expressions try to answer the question whether _________

A. raising the eyebrows has similar meaning to rounding the mouth 

B. raising the eyebrows has similar meaning to rounding the mouth 

C. different cultures have similar emotional expressions

D. eyebrow raising means the same in Minneapolis and Madagascar

Answer 1

Chọn C

Nhiều nghiên cứu về mặt diễn đạt cảm xúc cố gắng tìm câu trả lời cho câu hỏi:

    A. Mở tròn miệng có cùng ý nghĩa ở Minneapolis và Madagascar.

    B. Nhướn lông mày có ý nghĩa tương tự như mở tròn miệng

    C. Các vùng văn hóa khác nhau có cách diễn đạt cảm xúc tương tự nhau

    D. Nhướn lông mày có ý nghĩa giống nhau ở Minneapolis và Madagascar.

Dẫn chứng: “Studies by Ekman’s group have demonstrated that humans share a set of universal emotional expressions that testify to the common biological heritage of the human species. Smiles, for example, signal happiness and frowns indicate sadness on the faces of people in such far-flung places as Argentina, Japan, Spain, Hungary, Poland, Sumatra, the United States, Vietnam, the jungles of New Guinea, and the Eskimo villages north of Artic Circle. Ekman and his colleagues claim that people everywhere can recognize at least seven basic emotions : sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness, and surprise.”

Tạm dịch: Nghiên cứu bởi nhóm của Ekman đã chứng minh rằng con người có cùng 1 bộ biểu cảm cho thất sự tương đồng sinh học của các giống người. Ví dụ, cười, biểu hiện của hạnh phúc và cau mày, biểu lộ sự buồn bã trên khuôn mặt ở những nơi như Argentina, Nhật, Thuỵ Điển, Hungary, Poland, Sumatra, Mỹ, Việt Nam, khu rừng rậm của New Guinea, và làng người Eskimo ở bắc cực. Ekman và đồng sự cho rằng con người khắp mọi nơi có thể nhận ra ít nhất 7 cảm xúc cơ bản : buồn, lo, giận, ghê tởm, khinh miệt, hạnh phúc, và ngạc nhiên.