Bài 7: Phép nhân các phân thức đại số

Ta cần CM BĐT a³+b³+c³=3abc luôn đúng với a+b+c=0

ta có \(a^3+b^3+c^3=3abc\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\) \(a^3+b^3+c^3-3abc=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\) \(\left(a+b\right)^3-3ab\left(a+b\right)+c^3-3abc=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\) \(\left(\left(a+b\right)+c\right)^3-3\left(a+b\right)c\left(a+b+c\right)\)\(-3ab\left(a+b+c\right)\)=0

\(\Leftrightarrow\) \(\left(a+b+c\right)\left(\left(a+b+c\right)^2-3\left(a+b\right)c-3ab\right)\)=0(đúng vì a+b+c=0)

Vậy \(a^3+b^3+c^3=3abc\) với a+b+c=0

Cần gì phải vất vả thế!!

Giải:

Từ giả thiết \(a+b+c=0\) ta có:

\(\Rightarrow a+b=-c\Rightarrow\left(a+b\right)^3=\left(-c\right)^3\)

\(\Leftrightarrow a^3+3a^2b+3ab^2+b^3=-c^3\)

\(\Leftrightarrow a^3+b^3+c^3=-3ab\left(a+b\right)\)

\(=-3ab\left(-c\right)=3abc\)

Vậy \(a^3+b^3+c^3=3abc\) (Đpcm)

a+b+c=0 => a+b=-c => (a+b)^3 = -c^3 => a^3 + b^3 +3ab(a+b) + c^3 = 0 . Vì a+b = -c => 3ab(a+b) = -3abc => a^3 +b^3 +c^3 - 3abc = 0 => a^3 +b^3 +c^3 = 3abc

Lại copy!!!

Giải:

Áp dụng BĐT Bunhiacopski

Xét cặp số \(\left(1,1,1\right)\) và \(\left(a,b,c\right)\) ta có:

\(\left(1^2+1^2+1^2\right)\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\ge\left(1.a+1.b+1.c\right)^2\)

\(\Rightarrow3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\ge a^2+b^2+c^2+2\left(ab+bc+ac\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2\ge ab+ac+bc\) (Đpcm)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)

Chúng ta có thể dễ dàng bất đức thức này bằng vài bước suy luận cơ bản như sau:

Điều này luôn đúng nên ta có điều phải chứng minh. Đẳng thức xảy ra khi a = b = c.

Ta có \(\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2-2ab\ge0\)

Cộng cả hai vế của bất phương trình ta được \(a^2+b^2\ge2ab\) (1)

Tương tự ta có:

\(\dfrac{a}{x}+\dfrac{b}{y}+\dfrac{c}{z}=0\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{ayz+bxz+cxy}{xyz}=0\)

\(\Rightarrow ayz+bxz+cxy=0\)

\(\dfrac{x}{a}+\dfrac{y}{b}+\dfrac{z}{c}=1\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(\dfrac{x}{a}+\dfrac{y}{b}+\dfrac{z}{c}\right)^2=1\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\dfrac{z^2}{c^2}+2\left(\dfrac{xy}{ab}+\dfrac{xz}{ac}+\dfrac{yz}{bc}\right)=1\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\dfrac{z^2}{c^2}+2\left(\dfrac{cxy+bxz+ayz}{abc}\right)=1\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\dfrac{z^2}{c^2}+2\left(\dfrac{0}{abc}\right)=1\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\dfrac{z^2}{c^2}+0=1\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\dfrac{z^2}{c^2}=1\)

Có:

\(\dfrac{a}{x}+\dfrac{b}{y}+\dfrac{c}{z}=0\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{ayz+bxz+cxy}{xyz}=0\)

\(\Rightarrow ayz+bxz+cxy=0\)

Có:

\(\dfrac{x}{a}+\dfrac{y}{b}+\dfrac{z}{c}=1\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(\dfrac{x}{a}+\dfrac{y}{b}+\dfrac{z}{c}\right)^2=1^2\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\dfrac{z^2}{c^2}+2\left(\dfrac{xy}{ab}+\dfrac{yz}{bc}+\dfrac{xz}{ac}\right)=1\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\dfrac{z^2}{c^2}+2\left(\dfrac{ayz+bxz+cxy}{abc}\right)=1\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\dfrac{z^2}{c^2}=1\left(ayz+bxz+cxy=0\right)\)

\(VT=a-\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+b-\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+c-\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\)

\(VT=3-\left(\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\right)\)

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy - Schwarz

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}b^2+1\ge2\sqrt{b^2}=2b\\c^2+1\ge2\sqrt{c^2}=2c\\a^2+1\ge2\sqrt{a^2}=2a\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}\le\dfrac{ab^2}{2b}=\dfrac{ab}{2}\\\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}\le\dfrac{bc^2}{2c}=\dfrac{bc}{2}\\\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\le\dfrac{ca^2}{2a}=\dfrac{ca}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\le\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow3-\left(\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\right)\ge3-\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{2}\) ( 1 )

Theo hệ quả của bất đẳng thức Cauchy - Schwarz

\(\Rightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)^2\ge3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow3\ge ab+bc+ca\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{3}{2}\ge\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{3}{2}\le3-\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{2}\) ( 2 )

Từ (1) và (2)

\(\Rightarrow3-\left(\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\right)\ge\dfrac{3}{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{b}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{c}{a^2+1}\ge\dfrac{3}{2}\) ( đpcm )

Dấu " = " xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)

Có:

\(\dfrac{a}{b+c}+\dfrac{b}{c+a}+\dfrac{c}{a+b}=1\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(\dfrac{a}{b+c}+\dfrac{b}{a+c}+\dfrac{c}{a+b}\right).\left(a+b+c\right)=1.\left(a+b+c\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a\left(a+b+c\right)}{b+c}+\dfrac{b\left(a+b+c\right)}{a+c}+\dfrac{c\left(a+b+c\right)}{a+b}=a+b+c\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2+a\left(b+c\right)}{b+c}+\dfrac{b^2+b\left(a+c\right)}{a+c}+\dfrac{c^2+c\left( a+b\right)}{a+b}=a+b+c\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{a\left(b+c\right)}{b+c}+\dfrac{b^2}{a+c}+\dfrac{b\left(a+c\right)}{a+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{c\left(a+b\right)}{a+b}=a+b+c\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{b+c}+a+\dfrac{b^2}{a+c}+b+\dfrac{c^2}{a+b}+c=a+b+c\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{b^2}{a+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{a+b}=a+b+c-a-b-c\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{b^2}{a+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{a+b}=0\)

\(\left[{}\begin{matrix}x-2=0\\2x+3=0\end{matrix}\right.=>\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=2\\x=-\dfrac{3}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(=\dfrac{2\left(x+y\right)}{\left(a+b\right)^2}.\dfrac{a\left(x-y\right)+b\left(x-y\right)}{2\left(x^2-y^2\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{2\left(x+y\right)}{\left(a+b\right)^2}.\dfrac{\left(x-y\right)\left(a+b\right)}{2\left(x-y\right)\left(x+y\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{1}{a+b}\)

\(=\dfrac{a+b-c}{\left(a+b\right)^2-c^2}.\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2+c\left(a+b\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{a+b-c}{\left(a+b-c\right)\left(a+b+c\right)}.\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+b+c\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{1}{a-b}\)

\(c,\dfrac{x^3+1}{x^2+2x+1}.\dfrac{x^2-1}{2x^2-2x+2}\)