Chương I - Căn bậc hai. Căn bậc ba

\(u+\dfrac{1}{u}=\dfrac{u^2+1}{u}=\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)^2+1}{\sqrt{2}+1}\)

\(=\dfrac{4+2\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}+1}=\dfrac{2\sqrt{2}\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)}{\sqrt{2}+1}=2\sqrt{2}\)

\(P=u^8+\dfrac{1}{u^8}\)

\(=\left(u^4+\dfrac{1}{u^4}\right)^2-2\)

\(=\left[\left(u^2+\dfrac{1}{u^2}\right)^2-2\right]^2-2\)

\(=\left\{\left[\left(u+\dfrac{1}{u}\right)^2-2\right]^2-2\right\}^2-2\)

\(=\left\{\left[\left(2\sqrt{2}\right)^2-2\right]^2-2\right\}^2-2\)

\(=1154\) (tại vì t lười tính nên khúc này bn tính tay hoặc bấm máy tính đều đc ^^)

u = \(\sqrt{2}+1\) => \(u^2=3+2\sqrt{2}\) => \(u^4=17+12\sqrt{2}\)=> \(u^8=577+408\sqrt{2}\) => \(u^{16}=665857+665857=1331714\)

P = \(u^8+\dfrac{1}{u^8}=\dfrac{u^{16}+1}{u^8}=\dfrac{1331714}{577+408\sqrt{2}}=1154\)

Lời giải:

Vế đầu tiên:

Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM:

\(a^2+b^2\geq 2ab\Rightarrow 2(a^2+b^2)\geq (a+b)^2\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2\geq \frac{(a+b)^2}{2}\)

Do đó, \(\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\geq \frac{a+b}{\sqrt{2}}\). Tương tự với các biểu thức còn lại và cộng theo vế:

\(\Rightarrow S\geq \sqrt{2}(a+b+c)\) (đpcm)

Dấu bằng xảy ra khi $a=b=c$

Vế sau:

Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz:

\(S^2\leq (1+1+1)(a^2+b^2+b^2+c^2+c^2+a^2)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow S^2\leq 6(a^2+b^2+c^2)\Leftrightarrow S\leq \sqrt{6(a^2+b^2+c^2)}\) \((1)\)

Ta sẽ cm \(\sqrt{6(a^2+b^2+c^2)}< \sqrt{3}(a+b+c)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow 2(a^2+b^2+c^2)\leq (a+b+c)^2\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2\leq 2(ab+bc+ac)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow a(b+c-a)+b(c+a-b)+c(a+b-c)\geq 0\) (luôn đúng vì $a,b,c$ là độ dài ba cạnh tam giác)

Do đó \(\sqrt{6(a^2+b^2+c^2)}<\sqrt{3}(a+b+c)(2)\)

Từ \((1),(2)\Rightarrow S<\sqrt{3}(a+b+c)\)

Vậy ta có đpcm.

Cho \(a=b=c=1\) thì \(A=\dfrac{1}{4}\)

Ta sẽ chứng minh nó là GTLN của A

Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM và BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz ta có:

\(A=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2+c^2+1}}-\dfrac{2}{\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)\left(c+1\right)}\)

\(\le\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{3}+1}}-\dfrac{2}{\left(\dfrac{a+b+c+3}{3}\right)^3}\)

\(=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3t^2+1}}-\dfrac{2}{\left(t+1\right)^3}\left(a+b+c=3t>0\right)\)

\(\le\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{\left(3+1\right)\left(3t^2+1\right)}}-\dfrac{2}{\left(t+1\right)^3}\)\(\le\dfrac{2}{3t+1}-\dfrac{2}{\left(t+1\right)^3}\)

Cần chứng minh \(\dfrac{2}{3t+1}-\dfrac{2}{\left(t+1\right)^3}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\)

Đúng vì nó tương đương \(\left(t-1\right)^2\left(3t^2+8t+1\right)\ge0\)

Đề đúng không bn

\(\)

Theo hệ quả của bất đẳng thức Cauchy

\(\Rightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2\ge ab+bc+ca\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{2}+\dfrac{b^2}{c}+\dfrac{c^2}{c}\ge\dfrac{ab}{2}+\dfrac{bc}{2}+\dfrac{ca}{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow a^2-\dfrac{a^2}{2}+b^2-\dfrac{b^2}{2}+c^2-\dfrac{c^2}{2}\ge\dfrac{ab}{2}+\dfrac{bc}{2}+\dfrac{ca}{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2\ge\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2+ab+bc+ca}{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2\ge\dfrac{2\left(a^2+b^2+c^2+ab+bc+ca\right)}{4}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2+\left(b+c\right)^2+\left(c+a\right)^2}{4}\) (1)

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy - Schwarz

\(\Rightarrow a^2+b^2\ge2\sqrt{a^2b^2}=2ab\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(a+b\right)^2\ge4ab\)

Tương tự ta có \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(b+c\right)^2\ge4bc\\\left(c+a\right)^2\ge4ca\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(a+b\right)^2c+\left(a+b\right)^2\ge4abc+\left(a+b\right)^2\\\left(b+c\right)^2a+\left(b+c\right)^2\ge4abc+\left(b+c\right)^2\\\left(c+a\right)^2b+\left(c+a\right)^2\ge4abc+\left(c+a\right)^2\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(a+b\right)^2\left(c+1\right)\ge4abc+\left(a+b\right)^2\\\left(b+c\right)^2\left(a+1\right)\ge4abc+\left(b+c\right)^2\\\left(c+a\right)^2\left(b+1\right)\ge4abc+\left(c+a\right)^2\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{8}{\left(a+b\right)^2\left(c+1\right)}\le\dfrac{8}{4abc+\left(a+b\right)^2}\\\dfrac{8}{\left(b+c\right)^2\left(a+1\right)}\le\dfrac{8}{4abc+\left(b+c\right)^2}\\\dfrac{8}{\left(c+a\right)^2\left(b+1\right)}\le\dfrac{8}{4abc+\left(c+a\right)^2}\end{matrix}\right.\) (2)

Từ (1) và (2)

\(\Rightarrow VT\ge\dfrac{8}{\left(a+b\right)^2\left(c+1\right)}+\dfrac{8}{\left(b+c\right)^2\left(a+1\right)}+\dfrac{8}{\left(c+a\right)^2\left(b+1\right)}+\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2+\left(b+c\right)^2+\left(c+a^2\right)}{4}\) (3)

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy - Schwarz

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{8}{\left(a+b\right)^2\left(c+1\right)}+\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{4}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{2}{c+1}}=\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{2\left(c+1\right)}}\)

Tương tự ta có \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{8}{\left(b+c\right)^2\left(a+1\right)}+\dfrac{\left(b+c\right)^2}{4}\ge\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{2\left(a+1\right)}}\\\dfrac{8}{\left(c+a\right)^2\left(b+1\right)}+\dfrac{\left(c+a\right)^2}{4}\ge\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{2\left(b+1\right)}}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{8}{\left(a+b\right)^2\left(c+1\right)}+\dfrac{8}{\left(b+c\right)^2\left(a+1\right)}+\dfrac{8}{\left(c+a\right)^2\left(b+1\right)}+\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2+\left(b+c\right)^2+\left(c+a^2\right)}{4}\ge\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{2\left(c+1\right)}}+\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{2\left(a+1\right)}}+\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{2\left(b+1\right)}}\)(4)

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy - Schwarz

\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{2\left(c+1\right)}\le\dfrac{c+3}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{2\left(c+1\right)}}\ge\dfrac{8}{c+3}\)

Tượng tự ta có \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{2\left(a+1\right)}}\ge\dfrac{8}{a+3}\\\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{2\left(b+1\right)}}\ge\dfrac{8}{b+3}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{2\left(c+1\right)}}+\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{2\left(a+1\right)}}+\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{2\left(b+1\right)}}\ge\dfrac{8}{a+3}+\dfrac{8}{b+3}+\dfrac{8}{c+3}\) (5)

Từ điều (3) , (4) , (5)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{8}{\left(a+b\right)^2+4abc}+\dfrac{8}{\left(b+c\right)^2+4abc}+\dfrac{8}{\left(c+a\right)^2+4abc}+a^2+b^2+c^2\ge\dfrac{8}{a+3}+\dfrac{8}{b+3}+\dfrac{8}{c+3}\) ( đpcm )

Nhức nhối mãi bài này vì nó làm lag hết máy

Giải

Đặt \(x=\dfrac{b+c}{a};y=\dfrac{c+a}{b};z=\dfrac{a+b}{c}\)

Ta phải chứng minh \(Σ\dfrac{\left(x+2\right)^2}{x^2+2}\le8\)

\(\LeftrightarrowΣ\dfrac{2x+1}{x^2+2}\le\dfrac{5}{2}\LeftrightarrowΣ\dfrac{\left(x-1\right)^2}{x^2+2}\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\)

Lại theo BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz ta có:

\(Σ\dfrac{\left(x-1\right)^2}{x^2+2}\ge\dfrac{\left(x+y+z-3\right)^2}{x^2+y^2+z^2+6}\)

Ta còn phải chứng minh

\(2\left(x^2+y^2+z^2+2xy+2yz+2xz-6x-6y-6z+9\right)\)\(\ge x^2+y^2+z^2+6\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2+y^2+z^2+4\left(xy+yz+xz\right)-12\left(x+y+z\right)+12\ge0\)

Bây giờ có \(xy+yz+xz\ge3\sqrt[3]{x^2y^2z^2}\ge12\left(xyz\ge8\right)\)

Còn phải chứng minh \(\left(x+y+z\right)^2+24-12\left(x+y+z\right)+12\ge0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y+z-6\right)^2\ge0\) (luôn đúng)

Bởi vì BĐT là thuần nhất, ta có thể chuẩn hóa \(a+b+c=3\). Khi đó

\(\dfrac{\left(2a+b+c\right)^2}{2a^2+\left(b+c\right)^2}=\dfrac{a^2+6a+9}{3a^2-6a+9}=\dfrac{1}{3}\left(1+2\cdot\dfrac{4a+3}{2+\left(a-1\right)^2}\right)\)

\(\le\dfrac{1}{3}\left(1+2\cdot\dfrac{4a+3}{2}\right)=\dfrac{4a+4}{3}\)

Tương tự ta cho 2 BĐT còn lại ta cũng có:

\(\dfrac{\left(2b+c+a\right)^2}{2b^2+\left(a+c\right)^2}\ge\dfrac{4b+4}{3};\dfrac{\left(2c+b+a\right)^2}{2c^2+\left(a+b\right)^2}\ge\dfrac{4c+4}{3}\)

Cộng theo vế 3 BĐT trên ta có:

\(Σ\dfrac{\left(2a+b+c\right)^2}{2a^2+\left(b+c\right)^2}\geΣ\left(4a+4\right)=8\)

Câu hỏi của Neet - Toán lớp 9 | Học trực tuyến:Gazeta Matematia

còn câu này là USAMO 2003

Toàn đề máu mặt :)

Ê t không phải cậu ta thì giải có được không?

Ta có:

\(\left(\sqrt{\dfrac{a^3}{5a^2+\left(b+c\right)^2}}+\sqrt{\dfrac{b^3}{5b^2+\left(c+a\right)^2}}+\sqrt{\dfrac{c^3}{5c^2+\left(a+b\right)^2}}\right)^2\le\left(a+b+c\right)\left(\dfrac{a^2}{5a^2+\left(b+c\right)^2}+\dfrac{b^2}{5b^2+\left(c+a\right)^2}+\dfrac{c^2}{5c^2+\left(a+b\right)^2}\right)\left(1\right)\)

Giờ ta chứng minh:

\(P=\dfrac{a^2}{5a^2+\left(b+c\right)^2}+\dfrac{b^2}{5b^2+\left(c+a\right)^2}+\dfrac{c^2}{5c^2+\left(a+b\right)^2}\le\dfrac{1}{3}\)

Ta có:

\(\dfrac{a^2}{5a^2+\left(b+c\right)^2}\le\dfrac{a^2}{9}\left(\dfrac{1}{a^2+b^2+c^2}+\dfrac{1}{2a^2+bc}+\dfrac{1}{2a^2+bc}\right)=\dfrac{1}{9}\left(\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}+\dfrac{2a^2}{2a^2+bc}\right)=\dfrac{1}{9}+\dfrac{1}{9}\left(\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}-\dfrac{bc}{2a^2+bc}\right)\)

Tương tự ta có:

\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{b^2}{5b^2+\left(c+a\right)^2}\le\dfrac{1}{9}+\dfrac{1}{9}\left(\dfrac{b^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}-\dfrac{ca}{2b^2+ca}\right)\\\dfrac{c^2}{5c^2+\left(a+b\right)^2}\le\dfrac{1}{9}+\dfrac{1}{9}\left(\dfrac{c^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}-\dfrac{ab}{2c^2+ab}\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

Cộng vế theo vế ta được

\(P\le\dfrac{4}{9}-\dfrac{1}{9}\left(\dfrac{bc}{2a^2+bc}+\dfrac{ca}{2b^2+ca}+\dfrac{ab}{2c^2+ab}\right)\)

\(\le\dfrac{4}{9}-\dfrac{1}{9}.\dfrac{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}{bc\left(2a^2+bc\right)+ca\left(2b^2+ca\right)+ab\left(2c^2+ab\right)}=\dfrac{4}{9}-\dfrac{1}{9}=\dfrac{1}{3}\left(2\right)\)

Từ (1) và (2) ta có

\(\sqrt{\dfrac{a^3}{5a^2+\left(b+c\right)^2}}+\sqrt{\dfrac{b^3}{5b^2+\left(c+a\right)^2}}+\sqrt{\dfrac{c^3}{5c^2+\left(a+b\right)^2}}^2\le\sqrt{\dfrac{a+b+c}{3}}\)

Ta có:

\(\left(\sqrt{\dfrac{a^3}{5a^2+\left(b+c\right)^2}}+\sqrt{\dfrac{b^3}{5b^2+\left(c+a\right)^2}}+\sqrt{\dfrac{c^3}{5c^2+\left(a+b\right)^2}}\right)^2\le\left(a+b+c\right)\left(\dfrac{a^2}{5a^2+\left(b+c\right)^2}+\dfrac{b^2}{5b^2+\left(c+a\right)^2}+\dfrac{c^2}{5c^2+\left(a+b\right)^2}\right)\left(1\right)\)

Giờ ta chứng minh:

\(P=\dfrac{a^2}{5a^2+\left(b+c\right)^2}+\dfrac{b^2}{5b^2+\left(c+a\right)^2}+\dfrac{c^2}{5c^2+\left(a+b\right)^2}\le\dfrac{1}{3}\)

Ta có:

\(\dfrac{a^2}{5a^2+\left(b+c\right)^2}\le\dfrac{a^2}{9}\left(\dfrac{1}{a^2+b^2+c^2}+\dfrac{1}{2a^2+bc}+\dfrac{1}{2a^2+bc}\right)=\dfrac{1}{9}\left(\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}+\dfrac{2a^2}{2a^2+bc}\right)=\dfrac{1}{9}+\dfrac{1}{9}\left(\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}-\dfrac{bc}{2a^2+bc}\right)\)

Tương tự ta có:

\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{b^2}{5b^2+\left(c+a\right)^2}\le\dfrac{1}{9}+\dfrac{1}{9}\left(\dfrac{b^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}-\dfrac{ca}{2b^2+ca}\right)\\\dfrac{c^2}{5c^2+\left(a+b\right)^2}\le\dfrac{1}{9}+\dfrac{1}{9}\left(\dfrac{c^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}-\dfrac{ab}{2c^2+ab}\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

Cộng vế theo vế ta được

\(P\le\dfrac{4}{9}-\dfrac{1}{9}\left(\dfrac{bc}{2a^2+bc}+\dfrac{ca}{2b^2+ca}+\dfrac{ab}{2c^2+ab}\right)\)

\(\le\dfrac{4}{9}-\dfrac{1}{9}.\dfrac{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}{bc\left(2a^2+bc\right)+ca\left(2b^2+ca\right)+ab\left(2c^2+ab\right)}=\dfrac{4}{9}-\dfrac{1}{9}=\dfrac{1}{3}\left(2\right)\)

Từ (1) và (2) ta có

\(\sqrt{\dfrac{a^3}{5a^2+\left(b+c\right)^2}}+\sqrt{\dfrac{b^3}{5b^2+\left(c+a\right)^2}}+\sqrt{\dfrac{c^3}{5c^2+\left(a+b\right)^2}}\le\sqrt{\dfrac{a+b+c}{3}}\)

Không ai thảo luận câu này sao. T khởi động trước nhá.

Ta có: \(\cos\left(\dfrac{A-B}{2}\right)=\dfrac{\cos\left(\dfrac{A-B}{2}\right).\cos\left(\dfrac{A+B}{2}\right)}{\sin\dfrac{C}{2}}\)

\(=\dfrac{\cos A+\cos B}{2\sqrt{\dfrac{1-\cos C}{2}}}=\dfrac{\dfrac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{2bc}+\dfrac{a^2+c^2-b^2}{2ca}}{2\sqrt{\dfrac{1-\dfrac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2ab}}{2}}}\)

\(=\dfrac{\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)\left(c^2-\left(a-b\right)^2\right)}{abc}}{2\sqrt{\dfrac{c^2-\left(a-b\right)^2}{ab}}}=\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)\sqrt{c^2-\left(a-b\right)^2}}{2c\sqrt{ab}}\)

Ta sẽ chứng minh: \(\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)\sqrt{c^2-\left(a-b\right)^2}}{2c\sqrt{ab}}\le\dfrac{a+b}{\sqrt{2\left(a^2+b^2\right)}}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{2abc^2}{c^2-\left(a-b\right)^2}\ge a^2+b^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2abc^2-\left(a^2+b^2\right)\left(c^2-\left(a-b\right)^2\right)\ge0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2\left(a^2+b^2-c^2\right)\ge0\) (đúng vì tam giác ABC nhọn)

\(\Rightarrow\cos\left(\dfrac{A-B}{2}\right)\le\dfrac{a+b}{\sqrt{2\left(a^2+b^2\right)}}\left(1\right)\)

Tương tự ta có: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\cos\left(\dfrac{B-C}{2}\right)\le\dfrac{b+c}{\sqrt{2\left(b^2+c^2\right)}}\left(2\right)\\\cos\left(\dfrac{C-A}{2}\right)\le\dfrac{c+a}{\sqrt{2\left(c^2+a^2\right)}}\left(3\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

Cộng (1), (2), (3) vế theo vế ta được ĐPCM.