Chương 4: BẤT ĐẲNG THỨC, BẤT PHƯƠNG TRÌNH - Hỏi đáp

Lời giải:

Đặt \((a,b,c)=(m+4,n+5,p+6)\Rightarrow m,n,p\geq 0\)

Điều kiện đb trở thành:

\(a^2+b^2+c^2=90\Leftrightarrow m^2+n^2+p^2+8m+10n+12p=13\)

Vì \(m,n,p\geq 0\) nên:

\(13=m^2+n^2+p^2+8m+10n+12p\leq (m+n+p)^2+12(m+n+p)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow (m+n+p+13)(m+n+p-1)\geq 0\)

\(\Rightarrow m+n+p\geq 1\)

\(\Rightarrow a+b+c=m+n+p+15\geq 16\)

Ta có đpcm

Dấu bằng xảy ra khi \((a,b,c)=(4,5,7)\)

Lời giải:

Ta sẽ CM BĐT trung gian sau:

\(P\geq \frac{x^2}{x+y}+\frac{y^2}{y+z}+\frac{z^2}{z+x}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2\left ( \frac{1}{y+z}-\frac{1}{x+y} \right )+y^2\left ( \frac{1}{x+z}-\frac{1}{z+y} \right )+z^2\left ( \frac{1}{x+y}-\frac{1}{z+x} \right )\geq 0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2(x^2-z^2)+y^2(y^2-x^2)+z^2(z^2-y^2)\geq 0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow (x^2-y^2)^2+(y^2-z^2)^2+(z^2-x^2)^2\geq 0\) (luôn đúng)

Giờ ta sẽ tìm min \(\frac{x^2}{x+y}+\frac{y^2}{y+z}+\frac{z^2}{z+x}\)

Hiển nhiên \(\sum \frac{x^2}{x+y}=\sum \frac{y^2}{x+y}\) nên

\(\frac{x^2}{x+y}+\frac{y^2}{y+z}+\frac{z^2}{z+x}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{x^2+y^2}{x+y}+\frac{y^2+z^2}{y+z}+\frac{z^2+x^2}{z+x}\right)=A\)

Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz:

\(A\geq \frac{1}{2}\frac{(\sqrt{x^2+y^2}+\sqrt{y^2+z^2}+\sqrt{z^2+x^2})^2}{2(x+y+z)}=\frac{9}{x+y+z}\)

Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy: \(\sqrt{x^2+y^2}\geq \frac{x+y}{\sqrt{2}}\)

Tương tự với các số còn lại suy ra \(6\geq \sqrt{2}.(x+y+z)\Rightarrow x+y+z\leq 3\sqrt{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow A\geq \frac{3\sqrt{2}}{2}\) kéo theo \(P_{\min}=\frac{3\sqrt{2}}{2}\)

Dấu bằng xảy ra khi \(x=y=z=\sqrt{2}\)

\(\left(a^3+b^3+c^3\right)\left[\dfrac{3}{8}.\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)\right].\left[\dfrac{3}{8}\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)\right]..\)

\(\le\dfrac{1}{9^9}\left[a^3+b^3+c^3+3\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)\right]^9\)

\(=\dfrac{1}{9^9}\left(a+b+c\right)^{27}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow3^8.\left(a^3+b^3+c^3\right)\le\dfrac{1}{3^{18}}\left(a+b+c\right)^{27}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt[27]{\dfrac{a^3+b^3+c^3}{3}}\le\dfrac{a+b+c}{3}\)

P/s: Eztogiveup

Bài 2

\(VT=\left(\sqrt{a^2}+\sqrt{b^2}+\sqrt{c^2}\right)\left[\left(\dfrac{\sqrt{a}}{b+c}\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{\sqrt{b}}{c+a}\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{\sqrt{c}}{a+b}\right)^2\right]\)

Áp dụng bđt Bunhiacopxki ta có

\(VT\ge\left(\sqrt{a}.\dfrac{\sqrt{a}}{b+c}+\sqrt{b}.\dfrac{\sqrt{b}}{c+a}+\sqrt{c}.\dfrac{\sqrt{c}}{a+b}\right)^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow VT\ge\left(\dfrac{a}{b+c}+\dfrac{b}{c+a}+\dfrac{c}{a+b}\right)^2\)

Xét \(\dfrac{a}{b+c}+\dfrac{b}{c+a}+\dfrac{c}{a+b}\)

Áp dụng bđt Cauchy dạng phân thức ta có

\(\dfrac{a}{b+c}+\dfrac{b}{c+a}+\dfrac{c}{a+b}=\dfrac{a^2}{ab+ac}+\dfrac{b^2}{bc+ab}+\dfrac{c^2}{ca+bc}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{2\left(ab+bc+ac\right)}=\dfrac{3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}{2\left(ab+bc+ac\right)}=\dfrac{3}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(\dfrac{a}{b+c}+\dfrac{b}{c+a}+\dfrac{c}{a+b}\right)^2\ge\left(\dfrac{3}{2}\right)^2=\dfrac{9}{4}\)

\(\Rightarrow VT\ge\dfrac{9}{4}\left(đpcm\right)\)

Dấu '' = '' xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)

Bài 1

\(VT=\dfrac{a^2}{ab^2+abc+ac^2}+\dfrac{b^2}{c^2b+abc+a^2b}+\dfrac{c^2}{a^2c+abc+b^2c}\)

Áp dụng bđt Cauchy dạng phân thức

\(\Rightarrow VT\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{ab\left(a+b\right)+abc+ac\left(a+c\right)+abc+bc\left(b+c\right)+abc}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow VT\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{ab\left(a+b+c\right)+ac\left(a+b+c\right)+bc\left(a+b+c\right)}=\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{\left(a+b+c\right)\left(ab+bc+ac\right)}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow VT\ge\dfrac{a+b+c}{ab+bc+ac}\left(đpcm\right)\)

Dấu ''='' xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)

Lời giải:

Đặt \(\left\{\begin{matrix} a+b-c=x\\ b+c-a=y\\ c+a-b=z\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} b=\frac{x+y}{2}\\ c=\frac{y+z}{2}\\ a=\frac{x+z}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\) \((x,y,z>0\) do $a,b,c$ là ba cạnh tam giác ).

BĐT cần chứng minh tương đương với :

\(\frac{1}{x^2}+\frac{1}{y^2}+\frac{1}{z^2}\geq \frac{4}{(x+y)^2}+\frac{4}{(y+z)^2}+\frac{4}{(z+x)^2}\)

Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy:

\(\frac{1}{x^2}+\frac{1}{y^2}\geq \frac{2}{xy}\)

\(\Rightarrow 2\left(\frac{1}{x^2}+\frac{1}{y^2}\right)\geq \left(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}\right)^2\)

Theo BĐT S.Vacso: \(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}\geq \frac{4}{x+y}\Rightarrow 2\left(\frac{1}{x^2}+\frac{1}{y^2}\right)\geq \frac{16}{(x+y)^2}(*)\)

Hoàn toàn tương tự:

\(2\left(\frac{1}{y^2}+\frac{1}{z^2}\right)\geq \frac{16}{(y+z)^2}; 2\left(\frac{1}{z^2}+\frac{1}{x^2}\right)\geq \frac{16}{(z+x)^2}(**)\)

Cộng theo vế \((*); (**)\) và rút gọn suy ra:

\(\frac{1}{x^2}+\frac{1}{y^2}+\frac{1}{z^2}\geq \frac{4}{(x+y)^2}+\frac{4}{(y+z)^2}+\frac{4}{(z+x)^2}\)

Ta có đpcm

Dấu bằng xảy ra khi $x=y=z$ hay $a=b=c$

Lời giải:

Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy ta có:

\(\frac{a^4}{b^3(c+a)}+\frac{c+a}{4a}+\frac{1}{2}\geq 3\sqrt[3]{\frac{a^3}{8b^3}}=\frac{3a}{2b}\)

\(\frac{b^4}{c^3(a+b)}+\frac{a+b}{4b}+\frac{1}{2}\geq 3\sqrt[3]{\frac{b^3}{8c^3}}=\frac{3b}{2c}\)

\(\frac{c^4}{a^3(b+c)}+\frac{b+c}{4c}+\frac{1}{2}\geq 3\sqrt[3]{\frac{c^3}{8a^3}}=\frac{3c}{2a}\)

Cộng theo vế và rút gọn:

\(\Rightarrow \frac{a^4}{b^3(c+a)}+\frac{b^4}{c^3(a+b)}+\frac{c^4}{a^3(b+c)}+\frac{1}{4}(\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{c}+\frac{c}{a})+\frac{9}{4}\geq \frac{3}{2}(\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{c}+\frac{c}{a})\)

\(\Rightarrow \frac{a^4}{b^3(c+a)}+\frac{b^4}{c^3(a+b)}+\frac{c^4}{a^3(b+c)}\geq \frac{5}{4}(\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{c}+\frac{c}{a})-\frac{9}{4}\geq \frac{5}{4}.3\sqrt[3]{\frac{a}{b}.\frac{b}{c}.\frac{c}{a}}-\frac{9}{4}\)

hay \( \frac{a^4}{b^3(c+a)}+\frac{b^4}{c^3(a+b)}+\frac{c^4}{a^3(b+c)}\geq \frac{5}{4}.3-\frac{9}{4}=\frac{3}{2}\)

Ta có đpcm

Dấu bằng xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)

Cách khác:

Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz:

\(\text{VT}=\frac{(\frac{a^2}{b})^2}{b(c+a)}+\frac{(\frac{b^2}{c})^2}{c(a+b)}+\frac{(\frac{c^2}{a})^2}{a(b+c)}\geq \frac{\left(\frac{a^2}{b}+\frac{b^2}{c}+\frac{c^2}{a}\right)^2}{b(c+a)+c(a+b)+a(b+c)}\)

Tiếp tục áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz:

\(\frac{a^2}{b}+\frac{b^2}{c}+\frac{c^2}{a}\geq \frac{(a+b+c)^2}{b+c+a}=a+b+c\)

\(\Rightarrow \left(\frac{a^2}{b}+\frac{b^2}{c}+\frac{c^2}{a}\right)^2\geq (a+b+c)^2\)

Do đó: \(\text{VT}\geq \frac{(a+b+c)^2}{2(ab+bc+ac)}\)

Theo hệ quả quen thuộc của BĐT Cauchy: \((a+b+c)^2\geq 3(ab+bc+ac)\)

Suy ra: \(\text{VT}\geq \frac{3(ab+bc+ac)}{2(ab+bc+ac)}=\frac{3}{2}\) (đpcm)

\(P=\dfrac{1}{a+bc}+\dfrac{1}{b+ca}+\left(a+b\right)\left(4+5c\right)\)

\(\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b+c\left(a+b\right)}+\left(a+b\right)\left(4+4c+c\right)\) (áp dụng \(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\ge\dfrac{4}{x+y}\)) \(=\dfrac{4}{\left(a+b\right)\left(1+c\right)}+4\left(a+b\right)\left(1+c\right)+\left(a+b\right)c\)

\(\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{4}{\left(a+b\right)\left(1+c\right)}.4\left(a+b\right)\left(1+c\right)}+\left(a+b\right).0\) (áp dụng bđt côsi) \(=8+0=8\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi và chỉ khi a=b\(=\dfrac{1}{2};c=0\)

Lời giải:

Áp dụng BĐT Bunhiacopxky:

\((x+y)(x+z)\geq (x+\sqrt{yz})^2\)

\(\Rightarrow \sqrt{(x+y)(y+z)(x+z)}.\frac{\sqrt{y+z}}{x}\geq \frac{(y+z)(x+\sqrt{yz})}{x}=y+z+\frac{\sqrt{yz}(y+z)}{x}\)

Hoàn toàn tương tự :

\(\sqrt{(x+y)(y+z)(x+z)}.\frac{\sqrt{x+z}}{y}\geq x+z+\frac{\sqrt{xz}(x+z)}{y}\)

\(\sqrt{(x+y)(y+z)(x+z)}.\frac{\sqrt{x+y}}{z}\geq x+y+\frac{\sqrt{xy}(x+y)}{z}\)

Cộng theo vế:

\(T\geq 2(x+y+z)+\underbrace{\frac{(x+y)\sqrt{xy}}{z}+\frac{(y+z)\sqrt{yz}}{x}+\frac{(z+x)\sqrt{zx}}{y}}_{M}\)

Ta có:

\(M=\frac{(\sqrt{2}-z)\sqrt{xy}}{z}+\frac{(\sqrt{2}-x)\sqrt{yz}}{x}+\frac{(\sqrt{2}-y)\sqrt{xz}}{y}\)

\(=\sqrt{2}\left(\frac{\sqrt{xy}}{z}+\frac{\sqrt{yz}}{x}+\frac{\sqrt{xz}}{y}\right)-(\sqrt{xy}+\sqrt{yz}+\sqrt{xz})\)

Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM:

\(\frac{\sqrt{xy}}{z}+\frac{\sqrt{yz}}{x}+\frac{\sqrt{xz}}{y}\geq 3\sqrt[3]{\frac{xyz}{xyz}}=3\)

\(\sqrt{xy}+\sqrt{yz}+\sqrt{xz}\leq \frac{x+y}{2}+\frac{y+z}{2}+\frac{z+x}{2}=x+y+z=\sqrt{2}\)

Do đó: \(M\geq 3\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{2}=2\sqrt{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow T\geq 2(x+y+z)+M\geq 2\sqrt{2}+2\sqrt{2}=4\sqrt{2}\)

Vậy \(T_{\min}=4\sqrt{2}\)

Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\sqrt{a}=x\\\sqrt{b}=y\\\sqrt{c}=z\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow P=\dfrac{x^2}{2y-3}+\dfrac{y^2}{2z-3}+\dfrac{z^2}{2x-3}\)

\(\ge\dfrac{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}{2\left(x+y+z\right)-9}\ge9\)

Vì \(\dfrac{t^2}{2t-9}-9=\dfrac{\left(t-9\right)^2}{2t-9}\ge0\) (với \(t=x+y+z\))

# cách khác:

Áp dụng AM-GM: \(\dfrac{a}{2\sqrt{b}-3}+\left(2\sqrt{b}-3\right)\ge2\sqrt{a}\)

Thiết lập tương tự rồi cộng lại ta được

\(VT+2\sqrt{a}+2\sqrt{b}+2\sqrt{c}-9\ge2\sqrt{a}+2\sqrt{b}+2\sqrt{c}\)

\(\Rightarrow VT\ge9\)

Dấu = xảy ra tại a=b=c=9

Lời giải:

Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM:

\(3=x^2+y^2+\frac{1}{xy}\geq 2xy+\frac{1}{xy}\)

Đặt \(xy=t\Rightarrow 3\geq 2t+\frac{1}{t}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow 3t\geq 2t^2+1\Leftrightarrow 2t^2-3t+1\leq 0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow (2t-1)(t-1)\leq 0\Rightarrow \frac{1}{2}\leq t\leq 1\)

Với \(t=xy\leq 1\) ta có bổ đề sau:

\(\frac{1}{x^2+1}+\frac{1}{y^2+1}\leq \frac{2}{xy+1}(*)\)

Việc chứng minh bổ đề trên rất đơn giản. Thực hiện biến đổi tương đương và rút gọn ta thu được:

\((*)\Leftrightarrow (xy-1)(x-y)^2\leq 0\) (luôn đúng do \(xy\leq 1\) )

Áp dụng bổ đề trên vào bài toán đã cho:

\(P=2\left(\frac{1}{x^2+1}+\frac{1}{y^2+1}\right)-\frac{3}{2xy+1}\leq \frac{4}{xy+1}-\frac{3}{2xy+1}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow P\leq \frac{4}{t+1}-\frac{3}{2t+1}\)

Ta sẽ chứng minh \(\frac{4}{t+1}-\frac{3}{2t+1}\leq \frac{7}{6}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow \frac{5t+1}{2t^2+3t+1}\leq \frac{7}{6}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow 30t+6\leq 14t^2+21t+7\)

\(\Leftrightarrow 14t^2-9t+1\geq 0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow (2t-1)(7t-1)\geq 0\)

BĐT trên luôn đúng do \(t\geq \frac{1}{2}\)

Như vậy: \(P\leq \frac{4}{t+1}-\frac{3}{2t+1}\leq \frac{7}{6}\)

Vậy \(P_{\max}=\frac{7}{6}\). Dấu bằng xảy ra khi \(x=y=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\)

Lời giải:
Ta có:

\(a^3+b^3+c^3=(a+b+c)^3-3(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)\)

\(=27-3(3-a)(3-b)(3-c)\)

\(=27-3[27-9(a+b+c)+3(ab+bc+ac)-abc]\)

\(=27-3[3(ab+bc+ac)-abc]=27-9(ab+bc+ac)+3abc\)

Do đó:

\(A=a^3+b^3+c^3+\frac{15}{4}abc=27-9(ab+bc+ac)+\frac{27}{4}abc(*)\)

Áp dụng BĐT Schur :

\(abc\geq (a+b-c)(b+c-a)(c+a-b)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow abc\geq (3-2a)(3-2b)(3-2c)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow abc\geq 27-18(a+b+c)+12(ab+bc+ac)-8abc\)

\(\Leftrightarrow 9abc\geq 12(ab+bc+ac)-27\)

\(\Leftrightarrow 3abc\geq 4(ab+bc+ac)-9\)

\(\Rightarrow \frac{27}{4}abc\geq 9(ab+bc+ac)-\frac{81}{4}(**)\)

Từ \((*); (**)\Rightarrow A\geq 27-\frac{81}{4}=\frac{27}{4}\) (đpcm)

Dấu bằng xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)

Ta có:

a³+b³+

Nghe mấy tiền bối đồn là đề này nằm trong đề đại học năm nào đó. Tự tìm nhá

Nhìn người hỏi là biết bài này khó rồi. Không liên quan nhưng anh Thắng đẹp zai làm giúp em bài này :)) https://hoc24.vn/hỏi-đáp/question/592811.html

\(\sqrt[4]{\dfrac{a}{b+c}}+\sqrt[4]{\dfrac{b}{c+a}}+\sqrt[4]{\dfrac{c}{a+b}}\ge\sqrt[4]{16+\dfrac{196abc}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt[4]{\dfrac{a}{b+c}}+\sqrt[4]{\dfrac{b}{c+a}}+\sqrt[4]{\dfrac{c}{a+b}}\ge\sqrt[4]{\dfrac{16\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)+196abc}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(Σ\sqrt[4]{a\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}\right)^4\ge16\prod\left(a+b\right)+196\prod a\)

\(VT=Σa\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)+4\left(Σ\sqrt[4]{\left(a\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\right)^3\left(b\left(b+c\right)\left(a+b\right)\right)}\right)\)

\(+6\left(Σ\sqrt[4]{\left(a\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\right)^2\left(b\left(b+c\right)\left(a+b\right)\right)^2}\right)\)

\(+4\left(\sqrt[4]{a\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\left(b\left(b+c\right)\left(a+b\right)\right)^3}\right)\)

\(+12Σ\sqrt[4]{\left(a\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\right)^2b\left(b+c\right)\left(a+b\right)c\left(c+a\right)\left(b+c\right)}\)

\(=\sum a(a+b)(a+c)+4\sum\sqrt[4]{(a^2(a+b+c)+abc)^3(b^2(a+b+c)+abc)}+\)

\(+4\sum\sqrt[4]{(a^2(a+b+c)+abc)^3(c^2(a+b+c)+abc)}\)

\(+6\sum\sqrt{(a^2(a+b+c)+abc)(b^2(a+b+c)+abc)}\)

\(+12\sum\sqrt[4]{a^2bc(a+b)^3(a+c)^3(b+c)^2}\)

\(\ge\sum(a^3+a^2b+a^2c+abc)+4\sum\left(\left(\sqrt{a^3b}+\sqrt{a^3c}\right)(a+b+c)+2abc\right)\)

\(+6\sum(ab(a+b+c)+abc)+144abc\)

\(\ge\sum\left(a^3+7a^2b+7a^2c+4\sqrt{a^5b}+4\sqrt{a^5c}+8\sqrt{a^3b^3}+77abc\right)\)

\(\ge\sum\left(8a^2b+8a^2c+4\sqrt{a^5b}+4\sqrt{a^5c}+8\sqrt{a^3b^3}+76abc\right)\)

Vi` \(16\prod(a+b)+196abc=\sum(16^2b+16a^2c+76abc)\ge0\)

Ta can chung minh

\(\sum\left(4\sqrt{a^5b}+4\sqrt{a^5c}-8a^2b-8a^2c+8\sqrt{a^3b^3}\right)\ge0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sum\sqrt{ab}(a+b)(\sqrt{a}-\sqrt{b})^2\ge0\)

a=0;b=c hoặc a=b=c ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)

Ta có: \(\left(x+y+z\right)\left(xy+yz+xz\right)\ge9xyz\)

\(VT=\dfrac{x}{1+yz}+\dfrac{y}{1+xz}+\dfrac{z}{1+xy}\)

\(=\dfrac{x^2}{x+xyz}+\dfrac{y^2}{y+xyz}+\dfrac{z^2}{z+xyz}\)

\(\ge\dfrac{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}{x+y+z+3xyz}\ge\dfrac{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}{x+y+z+\dfrac{\left(x+y+z\right)\left(xy+yz+xz\right)}{3}}\)

\(=\dfrac{3\left(x+y+z\right)}{4}\). Cần chứng minh:

\(\dfrac{3\left(x+y+z\right)}{4}\ge\dfrac{3\sqrt{3}}{4}\Leftrightarrow x+y+z\ge\sqrt{3}\)

BĐT cuối đúng vì \(x+y+z\ge\sqrt{3\left(xy+yz+xz\right)}=\sqrt{3}\)

\("="\Leftrightarrow x=y=z=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)

Ps: nospoiler

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