Chương 4: BẤT ĐẲNG THỨC, BẤT PHƯƠNG TRÌNH - Hỏi đáp

Ta có:

\(\sum\dfrac{a}{b^3+16}=\sum\left(\dfrac{a}{16}-\dfrac{ab^3}{16\left(b^3+16\right)}\right)\ge\dfrac{a+b+c}{16}-\dfrac{ab^2+bc^2+ca^2}{192}\)

\(=\dfrac{3}{16}-\dfrac{ab^2+bc^2+ca^2}{192}\)

Giờ ta cần chứng minh

\(ab^2+bc^2+ca^2\le4\)

Ta có bổ đề:

\(ab^2+bc^2+ca^2+abc\le\dfrac{4\left(a+b+c\right)^3}{27}\)(cái này tự chứng minh nha)

\(\Rightarrow ab^2+bc^2+ca^2\le4-abc\le4\)

Sao chỗ đó e lại nghĩ là a dùng cosi mẫu thế e.

Theo hệ quả của bất đẳng thức Cauchy

\(\Rightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)^2\ge3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow3\ge ab+bc+ca\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}3+a^2\ge\left(a+c\right)\left(a+b\right)\\3+b^2\ge\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\\3+c^2\ge\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{bc}{\sqrt{3+a^2}}\le\dfrac{bc}{\sqrt{\left(a+c\right)\left(a+b\right)}}\\\dfrac{ca}{\sqrt{3+b^2}}\le\dfrac{ca}{\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}}\\\dfrac{ab}{\sqrt{3+c^2}}\le\dfrac{ab}{\sqrt{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow VT\le\dfrac{bc}{\sqrt{\left(a+c\right)\left(a+b\right)}}+\dfrac{ca}{\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}}+\dfrac{ab}{\sqrt{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow VT\le\sqrt{\dfrac{b^2c^2}{\left(a+c\right)\left(a+b\right)}}+\sqrt{\dfrac{c^2a^2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}}+\sqrt{\dfrac{a^2b^2}{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}}\) (1)

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy - Schwarz

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\sqrt{\dfrac{b^2c^2}{\left(a+c\right)\left(a+b\right)}}\le\dfrac{\dfrac{bc}{a+c}+\dfrac{bc}{a+b}}{2}\\\sqrt{\dfrac{c^2a^2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}}\le\dfrac{\dfrac{ca}{a+b}+\dfrac{ca}{b+c}}{2}\\\sqrt{\dfrac{a^2b^2}{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}}\le\dfrac{\dfrac{ab}{a+c}+\dfrac{ab}{b+c}}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{\dfrac{b^2c^2}{\left(a+c\right)\left(a+b\right)}}+\sqrt{\dfrac{c^2a^2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}}+\sqrt{\dfrac{a^2b^2}{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}}\le\dfrac{\left(\dfrac{bc}{a+c}+\dfrac{ab}{a+c}\right)+\left(\dfrac{bc}{a+b}+\dfrac{ca}{a+b}\right)+\left(\dfrac{ab}{b+c}+\dfrac{ca}{b+c}\right)}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{\dfrac{b^2c^2}{\left(a+c\right)\left(a+b\right)}}+\sqrt{\dfrac{c^2a^2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}}+\sqrt{\dfrac{a^2b^2}{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}}\le\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}=\dfrac{3}{2}\) (2)

Xét \(\dfrac{a}{b+c}+\dfrac{b}{c+a}+\dfrac{c}{a+b}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{ab+ac}+\dfrac{b^2}{bc+ab}+\dfrac{c^2}{ca+bc}\)

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy - Schwarz dạng phân thức

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{ab+ac}+\dfrac{b^2}{bc+ab}+\dfrac{c^2}{ca+bc}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}\)

Theo hệ quả của bất đẳng thức Cauchy

\(\Rightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)^2\ge3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}\ge\dfrac{3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}{2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}=\dfrac{3}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{ab+ac}+\dfrac{b^2}{bc+ab}+\dfrac{c^2}{ca+bc}\ge\dfrac{3}{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a}{b+c}+\dfrac{b}{c+a}+\dfrac{c}{a+b}\ge\dfrac{3}{2}\) (3)

Từ (1) , (2) , (3)

\(\Rightarrow VT\le\dfrac{a}{b+c}+\dfrac{b}{c+a}+\dfrac{c}{a+b}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{bc}{\sqrt{a^2+3}}+\dfrac{ca}{\sqrt{b^2+3}}+\dfrac{ab}{\sqrt{c^2+3}}\le\dfrac{a}{b+c}+\dfrac{b}{c+a}+\dfrac{c}{a+b}\) (đpcm)

Dấu " = " xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)

WLOG \(x\ge y \ge z\)

Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM và BĐT Rearrangement ta có:

\(VT=\dfrac{x+1}{y+1}+\dfrac{y+1}{z+1}+\dfrac{z+1}{x+1}\)

\(=\dfrac{\left(x+y+z\right)^2+3\left(x+y+z\right)+xy^2+yz^2+xz^2+3}{\left(x+1\right)\left(y+1\right)\left(z+1\right)}\)

\(\le\dfrac{21+xy^2+yz^2+xz^2}{xy+yz+xz+4}\)\(\le\dfrac{21+x^2y+xyz+yz^2}{3\sqrt[3]{4\left(xy+yz+xz\right)}}\)

\(\le\dfrac{21+y\left(x+z\right)^2}{3\sqrt[3]{4\left(xy+yz+xz\right)}}\)\(\le\dfrac{21+\dfrac{\left(\dfrac{2\left(x+y+z\right)}{3}\right)^3}{2}}{3\sqrt[3]{4\left(xy+yz+xz\right)}}\)

\(=\dfrac{21+4}{3\sqrt[3]{4\left(xy+yz+xz\right)}}=\dfrac{25}{3\sqrt[3]{4\left(xy+yz+xz\right)}}=VP\)

Dấu "=" khi \(\left(x;y;z\right)=\left(2;1;0\right)\) và h.vị

Còn bài nào khó hơn không? |(.-.)|

Áp dụng BĐT cauchy:

\(\dfrac{1}{xy}+\dfrac{1}{yz}+\dfrac{1}{zx}\ge\dfrac{9}{xy+yz+zx}\)

\(M\ge\dfrac{1}{x^2+y^2+z^2}+\dfrac{9}{xy+yz+xz}=\dfrac{1}{x^2+y^2+z^2}+\dfrac{4}{2\left(xy+yz+xz\right)}+\dfrac{7}{xy+yz+zx}\)Áp dụng BĐT cauchy-schwarz:

\(\dfrac{1}{x^2+y^2+z^2}+\dfrac{4}{2\left(xy+yz+zx\right)}\ge\dfrac{\left(1+2\right)^2}{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}=9\)

và \(\dfrac{7}{xy+yz+xz}\ge\dfrac{7}{\dfrac{1}{3}\left(x+y+z\right)^2}=21\)

\(\Rightarrow M\ge9+21=30\)

dấu = xảy ra khi \(x=y=z=\dfrac{1}{3}\)

cô si cho đễ hiểu đi bn , cần gì phải cauchy s,. làm gì cho mệt

Áp dụng bổ đề:

\(x^3+y^3\ge xy\left(x+y\right)\)

Ta có:

\(\dfrac{19b^3-a^3}{ab+5b^2}+\dfrac{19c^3-b^3}{bc+5c^2}+\dfrac{19a^3-c^3}{ac+5a^2}\)

\(\le\dfrac{20b^3-ab\left(a+b\right)}{ab+5b^2}+\dfrac{20c^3-bc\left(b+c\right)}{bc+5c^2}+\dfrac{20a^3-ca\left(c+a\right)}{ac+5a^2}\)

\(=\dfrac{b\left(4b-a\right)\left(5b+a\right)}{ab+5b^2}+\dfrac{c\left(4c-b\right)\left(5c+b\right)}{bc+5c^2}+\dfrac{a\left(4a-c\right)\left(5a+c\right)}{ac+5a^2}\)

\(=4b-a+4c-b+4a-c=3\left(a+b+c\right)\)

Oh my god!

Nhìn đề mà méo hiểu gì đang xảy ra ở thế giới này!

2p+2q > 2n. Rốt cuộc ý là sao

\(P=\sqrt{a^2+\dfrac{1}{a^2}}+\sqrt{b^2+\dfrac{1}{b^2}}+\sqrt{c^2+\dfrac{1}{c^2}}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{\dfrac{97}{4}}P=\sqrt{4+\dfrac{81}{4}}\sqrt{a^2+\dfrac{1}{a^2}}+\sqrt{4+\dfrac{81}{4}}\sqrt{b^2+\dfrac{1}{b^2}}+\sqrt{4+\dfrac{81}{4}}\sqrt{c^2+\dfrac{1}{c^2}}\)

\(\ge\left(2a+\dfrac{9}{2a}\right)+\left(2b+\dfrac{9}{2b}\right)+\left(2c+\dfrac{9}{2c}\right)\)

\(=2\left(a+b+c\right)+\dfrac{9}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)

\(\ge4+\dfrac{9}{2}.\dfrac{9}{a+b+c}=4+\dfrac{81}{4}=\dfrac{97}{4}\)

\(\Rightarrow P\ge\sqrt{\dfrac{97}{4}}\)

PS: Lần sau chép đề cẩn thận nhé bạn.

Nếu là \(\ge \) thì easy rồi. Áp dụng BĐT Min....

\(VT=\sqrt{a^2+\dfrac{1}{a^2}}+\sqrt{b^2+\dfrac{1}{b^2}}+\sqrt{c^2+\dfrac{1}{c^2}}\)

\(\ge\sqrt{\left(a+b+c\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)^2}\)

\(\ge\sqrt{\left(a+b+c\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{9}{a+b+c}\right)^2}\)

\(\ge\sqrt{2^2+\left(\dfrac{9}{2}\right)^2}=\sqrt{\dfrac{97}{4}}=VP\)

Khi \(a=b=c=\frac{2}{3}\)

Lời giải:

Áp dụng hệ quả của BĐT AM-GM:

\(\text{VT}^2=\left[\frac{1}{a(a+1)}+\frac{1}{b(b+1)}+\frac{1}{c(c+1)}\right]^2\geq 3\left(\frac{1}{ab(a+1)(b+1)}+\frac{1}{bc(b+1)(c+1)}+\frac{1}{ca(a+1)(c+1)}\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow \text{VT}^2\geq 3.\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2+a+b+c}{abc(a+1)(b+1)(c+1)}\geq 3.\frac{a+b+c+ab+bc+ac}{abc(a+1)(b+1)(c+1)}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow \text{VT}^2\geq \frac{3}{abc}-\frac{3(abc+1)}{abc(a+1)(b+1)(c+1)}\) \((1)\)

Ta sẽ cm \((a+1)(b+1)(c+1)\geq (1+\sqrt[3]{abc})^3\). Thật vậy:

Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM:

\(\frac{a}{a+1}+\frac{b}{b+1}+\frac{c}{c+1}\geq 3\sqrt[3]{\frac{abc}{(a+1)(b+1)(c+1)}}\)

\(\frac{1}{a+1}+\frac{1}{b+1}+\frac{1}{c+1}\geq 3\sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{(a+1)(b+1)(c+1)}}\)

Cộng theo vế: \(\Rightarrow 3\geq \frac{3(\sqrt[3]{abc}+1)}{\sqrt[3]{(a+1)(b+1)(c+1)}}\)

\(\Rightarrow (a+1)(b+1)(c+1)\geq (\sqrt[3]{abc}+1)^3\) (2)

Từ \((1),(2)\Rightarrow \text{VT}^2\geq \frac{3}{abc}-\frac{3(abc+1)}{abc(1+\sqrt[3]{abc})^3}=\frac{9}{\sqrt[3]{a^2b^2c^2}(1+\sqrt[3]{abc})^2}=\text{VP}^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow \text{VT}\geq \text{VP}\) (đpcm)

Dấu bằng xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)

ap dung bdt holder

Bài 2: Bài này sử dụng pp xác định điểm rơi thôi.

Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM ta có:

\(24a^2+24.(\frac{31}{261})^2\geq 2\sqrt{24^2.(\frac{31}{261})^2a^2}=\frac{496}{87}a\)

\(b^2+(\frac{248}{87})^2\geq 2\sqrt{(\frac{248}{87})^2.b^2}=\frac{496}{87}b\)

\(93c^2+93.(\frac{8}{261})^2\geq 2\sqrt{93^2.(\frac{8}{261})^2c^2}=\frac{496}{87}c\)

Cộng theo vế:

\(B+\frac{248}{29}\geq \frac{496}{87}(a+b+c)=\frac{496}{87}.3=\frac{496}{29}\)

\(\Rightarrow B\geq \frac{496}{29}-\frac{248}{29}=\frac{248}{29}\)

Vậy \(B_{\min}=\frac{248}{29}\). Dấu bằng xảy ra khi: \((a,b,c)=(\frac{31}{261}; \frac{248}{87}; \frac{8}{261})\)

Bài 1:
Áp dụng BĐT Bunhiacopxky ta có:

\((a^2+2c^2)(1+2)\geq (a+2c)^2\)

\(\Rightarrow \sqrt{a^2+2c^2}\geq \frac{a+2c}{\sqrt{3}}\)

\(\Rightarrow \frac{\sqrt{a^2+2c^2}}{ac}\geq \frac{a+2c}{\sqrt{3}ac}=\frac{ab+2bc}{\sqrt{3}abc}\)

Hoàn toàn tương tự: \(\left\{\begin{matrix} \frac{\sqrt{c^2+2b^2}}{bc}\geq \frac{ac+2ab}{\sqrt{3}abc}\\ \frac{\sqrt{b^2+2a^2}}{ab}\geq \frac{bc+2ac}{\sqrt{3}abc}\end{matrix}\right.\)

Cộng theo vế các BĐT trên thu được:

\(\text{VT}\geq \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}.\frac{ab+2bc+ac+2ab+bc+2ac}{abc}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}.\frac{3(ab+bc+ac)}{abc}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}.\frac{3abc}{abc}=\sqrt{3}\)

Ta có đpcm

Dấu bằng xảy ra khi $a=b=c=3$

Lời giải:

Đặt \((a,b,c)=(m+4,n+5,p+6)\Rightarrow m,n,p\geq 0\)

Điều kiện đb trở thành:

\(a^2+b^2+c^2=90\Leftrightarrow m^2+n^2+p^2+8m+10n+12p=13\)

Vì \(m,n,p\geq 0\) nên:

\(13=m^2+n^2+p^2+8m+10n+12p\leq (m+n+p)^2+12(m+n+p)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow (m+n+p+13)(m+n+p-1)\geq 0\)

\(\Rightarrow m+n+p\geq 1\)

\(\Rightarrow a+b+c=m+n+p+15\geq 16\)

Ta có đpcm

Dấu bằng xảy ra khi \((a,b,c)=(4,5,7)\)

Lời giải:

Ta sẽ CM BĐT trung gian sau:

\(P\geq \frac{x^2}{x+y}+\frac{y^2}{y+z}+\frac{z^2}{z+x}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2\left ( \frac{1}{y+z}-\frac{1}{x+y} \right )+y^2\left ( \frac{1}{x+z}-\frac{1}{z+y} \right )+z^2\left ( \frac{1}{x+y}-\frac{1}{z+x} \right )\geq 0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2(x^2-z^2)+y^2(y^2-x^2)+z^2(z^2-y^2)\geq 0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow (x^2-y^2)^2+(y^2-z^2)^2+(z^2-x^2)^2\geq 0\) (luôn đúng)

Giờ ta sẽ tìm min \(\frac{x^2}{x+y}+\frac{y^2}{y+z}+\frac{z^2}{z+x}\)

Hiển nhiên \(\sum \frac{x^2}{x+y}=\sum \frac{y^2}{x+y}\) nên

\(\frac{x^2}{x+y}+\frac{y^2}{y+z}+\frac{z^2}{z+x}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{x^2+y^2}{x+y}+\frac{y^2+z^2}{y+z}+\frac{z^2+x^2}{z+x}\right)=A\)

Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz:

\(A\geq \frac{1}{2}\frac{(\sqrt{x^2+y^2}+\sqrt{y^2+z^2}+\sqrt{z^2+x^2})^2}{2(x+y+z)}=\frac{9}{x+y+z}\)

Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy: \(\sqrt{x^2+y^2}\geq \frac{x+y}{\sqrt{2}}\)

Tương tự với các số còn lại suy ra \(6\geq \sqrt{2}.(x+y+z)\Rightarrow x+y+z\leq 3\sqrt{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow A\geq \frac{3\sqrt{2}}{2}\) kéo theo \(P_{\min}=\frac{3\sqrt{2}}{2}\)

Dấu bằng xảy ra khi \(x=y=z=\sqrt{2}\)