a) x² + xy
= x(x + y)
b) x³ - 4x
= x(x² - 4)
= x(x - 2)(x + 2)
c) x² - 9 + xy + 3y
= (x² - 9) + (xy + 3y)
= (x - 3)(x + 3) + y(x + 3)
= (x + 3)(x + y - 3)
d) x²y + x² + xy - 1
= (x²y + xy) + (x² - 1)
= xy(x + 1) + (x - 1)(x + 1)
= (x + 1)(xy + x - 1)