Bài 1
a) a² - b² - 2a + 2b
= (a² - b²) - (2a - 2b)
= (a - b)(a + b) - 2(a - b)
= (a - b)(a + b - 2)
b) a² - b² - 3a²b - 3ab²
= (a² - b²) - (3a²b + 3ab²)
= (a - b)(a + b) - 3ab(a + b)
= (a + b)(a - b - 3ab)
c) x² - xy + 2y - 4
= (x² - 4) - (xy - 2y)
= (x - 2)(x + 2) - y(x - 2)
= (x - 2)(x - y + 2)
Bài 2
b) x² + 2x + 1 - y²
= (x² + 2x + 1) - y²
= (x + 1)² - y²
= (x - y + 1)(x + y + 1)
c) x² - 4x + 4 - 9y²
= (x² - 4x + 4) - (3y)²
= (x - 2)² - (3y)²
= (x - 3y - 2)(x + 3y - 2)
d) 4x² - y² + 12x + 9
= (4x² + 12x + 9) - y²
= (2x + 3)² - y²
= (2x - y + 3)(2x + y + 3)